Aging And Marriage Essays - Human Sexuality, Gender, Personal Life

Maturing And Marriage Response Paper: Marriage and Aging A major angle in keeping a marriage effective is how much correspondence happens between the two individuals included. For a sound relationship there is a requirement for a lot of correspondence. Correspondence, as expressed in class, is one of the key components to a fruitful marriage. There must be some open conversations and trust in the relationship to make it anyplace. In the event that you can not converse with your accomplice you won't have the option to take care of issues in a solid way. You must have the option to advise your accomplice things to assist you with learning and develop with them. You need to figure out how to bargain and help each other out. Correspondence must be a piece of your relationship somehow or another. You can't experience your life not conversing with your accomplice about significant issues that you ought to have the option to converse with them about. Another significant issue talked about in class was gay people and marriage. Gay marriage is a significant issue since it manages a generally huge minority of the United States. This issue is significant today concerning various thoughts. There are such a significant number of thoughts of ethics, family esteems, and those of uniformity, defendability, and right to security. The perspective with the most pertinence is continually surrendered over to discuss. Gay people are 'gay' because of a blend of variables. These elements are condition and society-the outside impacts and hereditary qualities. Thus, gay people don't choose their own sexuality, nor do heteros. In this manner, gay people ought to have indistinguishable rights from heteros, one of these rights being marriage. This is the reason it is critical to open approach whether homosexuality is foreordained. I am not gay and I am not composing this to guard gay people. I simply accept that the entire issue is out of line towards gay people. Marriage goes past the advantages, in any case. The organization of marriage is a regarded one, and holds a lot of nostalgic incentive for some individuals. In America, all men are to be made similarly. Does this prohibit gay people? Many think so basically in light of the fact that they accept that marriage is certainly not a right, yet a benefit. This contention implies that since gays won't carry a kid into the world normally, they don't merit the benefit of marriage. That doesn't appear to be reasonable. Diverse age bunches hold their own assessments with marriage issues. Some youngsters, ages 18-25 are utilized to gays since gays have developed in this age. Moderately aged individuals may feel fine with the issue or ticked off. Individuals with families could feel that gay relationships around their locale are extraordinary and unappealing. More seasoned people have experienced the maturing procedure and have not been acquainted with gay issues as of not long ago in the previous twenty years. Since they are more seasoned, they are increasingly antiquated and are accustomed to deduction the manner in which they thought forever and a day prior. This is basically that a man and a lady experience passionate feelings for, get hitched, have youngsters and develop old together. In any case, a gay marriage is an issue that these more established residents should be confronted with. Ladies make up larger part of that more seasoned populace and have a future that is longer than men's. Because of longer lives, ladies are relied upon to encounter constant ailments and incapacities. They are likewise bound to live alone, be single and gotten poor in their mature age. Visiting a burial ground, you can see that most of the individuals perished were old men. This closes perhaps that men were a greater amount of the diligent employees previously, who allowed ladies the chance to care more for themselves and thusly they lived longer lives. The older are dealt with distinctively all around the globe. The level of older individuals in the United States has significantly increased since 1900, the number of inhabitants in old is relied upon to twofold among now and the year 2030. Not exclusively is the number more noteworthy, yet they are additionally living any longer. Despite the fact that there is a huge populace of old individuals in the United States, we as a general public ignore them as though they aren't there. I think it is brilliant when I see

Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Healthcare

The number of inhabitants in United States of America is very different as there is significant quantities of African-American, Hispanic, Native American or Asian/Pacific Islander living here. The quantities of non whites is hugely expanding in the nation. In 1900, one of every eight American was non white however at present one of every four is non white and it is assessed that constantly 2070, every last one of two American will be non white. (US Census Bureau 2005) This changing creation of populace is making contrasts in different divisions however the country is confronting a significant test concerning the biasness in healthcare.The generally speaking human services of the nation is astonishingly improving yet this improvement isn't as a rule similarly shared by all the racial and ethnic gatherings of country. Non white populace is getting different and low level clinical treatment and care as contrasted and the white individuals and this distinction has made medicinal services variations among the minorities. There are a few causes behind these developing human services differences among the minorities and a few systems have additionally been structured so as to adapt up to this problem.This paper is proposing to lead a quantitative research so as to feature the main drivers of social insurance inconsistencies, procedures to beat this issue and the disposition and job of the country towards these incongruities. The paper gives the foundation data, measurement information, need, purposes, centrality and strategy of research. Presentation Disparity is â€Å"the condition or reality of being inconsistent, as in age, rank, or degree† and social insurance dissimilarity alludes to unsuitable circumstance when patients get inconsistent clinical treatment and care.When the clinical consideration and treatment become inconsistent on racial and ethnic grounds, it offers ascend to minorities medicinal services abberations. Numerous inquires about have demons trated that in United States of America, individuals having a place with various races are not getting equivalent medicinal services and the social insurance abberations among the minorities is widely expanding. The nature of clinical consideration and treatment is distinctive for minorities There are some essential components answerable for this divergence like â€Å"differences in financial level I. e.income and training, language obstructions, contrasts in wellbeing practices of customers, absence of assorted variety in the human services workforce, absence of multi-social information and genuine separation and generalizing by medicinal services providers† (American Hospital Association). The demise pace of African, South Asian, Hispania American because of serious sicknesses is impressively higher then that of white Americans. So as to stay away from these abberations real investigates are required that can feature the difficult regions and afterward structure the methodo logies for improving the human services circumstance of minorities.A inquire about examination is proposed so as to discover the job of social insurance supplier in advancing these medicinal services variations. The examination will concentrate on the practices of country particularly the medicinal services suppliers and their training design so as to bring up their commitment towards intensifying these inconsistencies. It will be a subjective research; an overview of significant human services units where the social insurance suppliers (specialists and clinical staff) and the patients (both White and Non-Whites) will be examined regarding the issue.The research will concentrate on the focuses that how the individuals are reacting towards the methodologies intended for decreasing the medicinal services incongruities among the minority populace, how much the working example of health awareness supplier has changed for minorities, how the white individuals are changing their dispositi on for non whites and climate the people in question (minority populace) are feeling any distinction in their treatment and care or not. The information will be access to get the key discoveries which will be use so as to create future procedures for forestalling and limiting the minorities medicinal services disparities.The research will contain a presentation, foundation data, Statistical Data, Finding of the study, Analysis and results, conversation, proposed systems and end. The issues explanation or speculation for the exploration will be â€Å"Is our country doing what's needed to decrease racial and ethnic difference in social insurance? † Background Information There is incredible ascent in human services separation for minorities in United States. In spite of the improved national social insurance circumstance, the minority populace is confronting more issues with respect to their health.Following is the foundation data about the wellbeing state of African Americans, Hispanics, South Indian and Native Americans, and islanders. The newborn child death rate is going down in America yet the African American despite everything have a high baby death rate which is practically twofold than the white Americans. â€Å"Heart illness passing rates are in excess of 40 percent higher for African Americans than for whites. The demise rate for all malignancies is 30 percent higher for African Americans than for whites; for prostate disease, it is more than twofold that for whites.African American ladies have a higher passing rate from bosom disease in spite of having a mammography screening rate that is almost equivalent to the rate for white ladies. The demise rate from HIV/AIDS for African Americans is in excess of multiple times that for whites; the pace of crime is multiple times that for whites. During 2001-2004, 68% of all ladies detailed with AIDS were African American; among men, simply under half (44%) of the new instances of HIV and AIDS were in A frican Americans. Lupus is multiple times more typical in African American ladies than in white women.African American ladies will in general create side effects at a previous age than other ladies, and have increasingly extreme organ issues, particularly with their kidneys. † (Health People 2010) The Hispanic populace is likewise confronting low level clinical consideration which has brought about their unexpected frailty conditions. Among the new instances of tuberculosis enrolled in America during 1996, practically 20% were Hispanic. The quantity of Hispanic Americans dieing from diabetes is practically twofold then the non Hispanics.They likewise have hypertension and corpulence rate as contrasted and non Hispanics. â€Å"Only 18% of Hispanics with hypertension have this condition leveled out, contrasted and 30% of whites. Type 2 diabetes is being analyzed more frequently in Hispanic youngsters and teenagers than before. Just 42% of Hispanics matured 65 years or more seas oned get a pneumonia or yearly influenza shot, contrasted and 63% of whites. Just 28% get the pneumonia shot, contrasted and 61% of whites.Hispanics have the second most elevated pace of HIV/AIDS conclusions and record for 18% of all HIV/AIDS cases. In 2004, non-Hispanic dark people were more uncertain than non-Hispanic white people to have gotten an influenza shot during the previous a year (Non-Hispanic dark: 32. 9%; Non-Hispanic white: 50. 9%), and were likewise less inclined to have at any point gotten a pneumococcal inoculation (Non-Hispanic dark: 38. 6%; Non-Hispanic white: 60. 9%)†. (CDC, 2007) The American Indians and Alaska locals are likewise the minority countries having terrible wellbeing conditions.The diabetes and newborn child death rate is practically twofold among them as contrasted and the white Americans. â€Å"The Pima of Arizona have perhaps the most elevated pace of diabetes on the planet. Native Americans and Alaska Natives additionally have lopsidedly high passing rates from unexpected wounds and self destruction. † (CDC) The wellbeing state of Asians and Pacific Islanders is considered as â€Å"one of the most beneficial populace bunches in the United States† however there are still information that demonstrates that this populace is additionally confronting social insurance diversities.For model â€Å"the ladies of Vietnamese root experience the ill effects of cervical malignancy at about multiple times the rate for white ladies. New instances of hepatitis and tuberculosis additionally are higher in Asians and Pacific Islanders living in the United States than in whites. Pacific Islanders are more than twice as likely as whites to get a conclusion of diabetes. In spite of the fact that the assessed HIV/AIDS rate among Pacific Islanders is the most reduced in the United States contrasted and all other racial and ethnic gatherings, the rate expanded a normal of 9% every year during 2001â€2004.† (Healthy Peo ple 2010) There are numerous illnesses which are basic among the minorities and causing high passing rates among them. These infections incorporate Infant Mortality, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Mental Problems, Cancer, Heart Diseases, Diabetes, Immunizations and HIV AIDS. These maladies are affecting the wellbeing circumstance of minorities everywhere for instance, the â€Å"African-American, American Indian, and Puerto Rican newborn children have higher passing rates than white babies. In 2000, the dark to-white proportion in newborn child mortality was 2. 5 (up from 2. 4 in 1998).African-American ladies are more than twice as liable to kick the bucket of cervical disease as are white ladies and are bound to bite the dust of bosom malignant growth than are ladies of some other racial or ethnic gathering. In 2000, paces of death from illnesses of the heart were 29 percent higher among African-American grown-ups than among white grown-ups, and demise rates from stroke were 40 percent h igher. In 2000, American Indians and Alaska Natives were 2. multiple times bound to have determined diabetes contrasted with have non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans were 2. multiple times more probable, and Hispanics were 1.9 occasions almost certain. African Americans and Hispanics represented 66 percent of grown-up AIDS cases and 82 percent of pediatric AIDS cases revealed in the primary portion of that year† (NCHS 2002) while In 2001, Hispanics and African Americans matured 65 and more seasoned were more uncertain than Non-Hispanic whites to report having gotten flu and pneumococcal immunizations (MMWR, 2002) The psychological issues of the minorities are likewise a significant purpose of worry as â€Å"American Indians and Alaska Natives seem to endure excessively f

The Biography of the Psychologist John Bowlby

The Biography of the Psychologist John Bowlby History and Biographies Print Biography of Psychologist John Bowlby The Founder of Attachment Theory By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 16, 2019 Erin Lester/Cultura Exclusive/Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Known For Early Life Career Attachment Theory Contributions to the Field of Psychology Key Publications View All Back To Top John Bowlby (February 27, 1907 - September 2, 1990) was a British psychologist and psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood attachments played a critical role in later development and mental functioning. His work, along with the work of psychologist Mary Ainsworth, contributed to the development of attachment theory.?? Bowlby believed that children are born with a biologically-programmed tendency to seek and remain close to attachment figures. This provides nurturance and comfort, but it also aids in the child’s survival. Sticking close to a caregiver ensures that the child’s needs are met and that he or she is protected from dangers in the environment. Known For Being the originator of attachment theoryResearching child developmentInfluencing modern-day psychology, education, child care, and parenting Early Life Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born in London to an upper-middle-class family. Believing that too much parental affection and attention would spoil a child, his parents spent only a small amount of time with him each day. At the age of seven, he was sent to boarding school, which he would later describe as a traumatic experience. Bowlby went on to attend Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied psychology and spent time working with delinquent children. After graduating from Cambridge, Bowlby volunteered at a school to gain experience and consider his career goals. His work at the school with two maladjusted children set the course of his future and inspired him to become a child psychiatrist. He then studied medicine at University College Hospital, followed by studying psychiatry at Maudsley Hospital. During this time, Bowlby also studied at the British Psychoanalytic Institute and was initially influenced by the work of Melanie Klein, a psychologist who created the play therapy technique. He eventually became dissatisfied with Klein’s approach, believing that it focused too much on children’s fantasies and not enough on events in the environment, including the influence of parents and caregivers. After becoming a psychoanalyst in 1937, he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II. In 1938, he married a woman named Ursula Longstaff and together they had four children. Once the war was over, Bowlby became Director of the Tavistock Clinic, and in 1950 he became a mental health consultant to the World Health Organization (WHO). Career and Theory Bowlby’s early work with children led him to develop a strong interest in the subject of child development. He became particularly interested in how separation from caregivers impacted children.?? After studying the subject for some time, he began to develop his ideas on the importance of attachment on child development. In 1949, WHO commissioned Bowlby to write a report on the mental health of homeless children in Europe. In 1951, the resulting work Maternal Care and Mental Health was published. In it, he wrote, “…the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment.” After the publication of the influential report, Bowlby continued to develop his attachment theory. Bowlby drew on a variety of subjects,?? including cognitive science, developmental psychology, evolutionary biology, and ethology (the science of animal behavior). His resulting theory suggested that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. Bowlby had trained as a psychoanalyst and, much like Sigmund Freud, believed that the earliest experiences in life have a lasting impact on development. According to Bowlby, attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the childs chances of survival. He suggested that both mothers and infants had evolved to develop an innate need for proximity. By maintaining this closeness, infants are more likely to receive the care and protection that they need to ensure their survival. Bowlby was also influenced by the work of Konrad Lorenz, a zoologist and ethologist who demonstrated that attachment was both innate and aided in survival. In Lorenz’s well-known 1935 study on imprinting, he was able to show that young geese would imprint on attachment figures in the environment within a certain critical period after hatching. Lorenz was even able to get newly-hatched geese to imprint on him and view him as a “mother” figure. This revealed that not only is attachment innate but that there is also a critical period during which the formation of attachment relationships is possible. Lorenz’s research found that after a certain period (approximately 32 hours for geese), an attachment was not likely to occur. The central theme of Bowlby’s attachment theory is that mothers who are available and responsive to their infants needs establish a sense of security. The baby knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to feel safe to explore the world. Attachment Theory Bowlby defined attachment as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. His ethological theory of attachment suggests that infants have an innate need to form an attachment bond with a caregiver. This is an evolved response that increases a childs chances of survival; babies are born with a number of behaviors, such as crying and cooing, and caregivers are biologically programmed to respond to these signals and attend to the babys needs. While mothers are often associated with this role as primary caregivers and attachment figures, Bowlby did believe that infants could form such bonds with others. The formation of the attachment bond offers comfort, security, and nourishment, but Bowlby noted that feeding was not the basis or purpose of this attachment, allowing bonds to be formed with fathers and other significant caregivers. Bowlby also suggested that attachment forms in a series of stages: During the first part of the pre-attachment phase, babies recognize their primary caregiver but do not yet have an attachment. Their crying and fussing draw the attention and care of the parent, which is rewarding to both the child and the caregiver. As this stage progresses through about three months, infants begin to recognize the parent more and develop a sense of trust.During the indiscriminate attachment phase, infants show a distinct preference for the primary caregivers, as well as certain secondary caregivers, in their lives.During the discriminate attachment period, children form a strong attachment to one individual and will experience separation distress and anxiety when parted from that person.Finally, during the multiple attachment phases, children begin to develop strong attachments to people beyond the primary caregivers. Contributions to Psychology John Bowlby’s research on attachment and child development left a lasting impression on psychology, education, child care, and parenting. Researchers extended his research to develop clinical treatment techniques and prevention strategies.?? His work also influenced other eminent psychologists, including his colleague Mary Ainsworth, who also made significant contributions to attachment theory by expanding on Bowlbys research to develop a method for observing a childs attachment to a caregiver. In a 2002 survey of psychologists published in the Review of General Psychology, Bowlby was ranked as the 49th most frequently cited psychologist of the 20th century. Key Publications Bowlby, J. (1946). Maternal Care and Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the childs tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 1-23. Bowlby, J. (1968). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 2: Separation, Anxiety, and Anger. London: Penguin Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.

Marie Zakrzewska - Early Woman Medical Doctor

What Does Interest Essay Samples for College Mean?

What Does Interest Essay Samples for College Mean? The samples will provide you with ideas on the way you answer the questions offered to you. Luckily, there are numerous approaches you are able to ruminate and generate suggestions for your topic. There's a couple of explanations. Irrespective of how much you'll be taking that day, there are a few ways that will allow you to get through the essay with a minimal quantity of stress. Interest Essay Samples for College Options As a consequence, spending money to take care of your essays might be challenging. Summary Hiring a low-cost essay service may be an appropriate option for students at one time crunch. Don't try too tough to please the admission board by earning your essay the manner in which you believe a superb student should do. Basically, the admissions folks wish to understand why their school is of specific interest to you. Review what you've been requested to address in your essay Sometimes educational institutions wish to learn more than just your career targets. It is crucial to capture the interest of the admission tutors no matter how strict they may appear to be. More frequently than not, deadlines for submitting applications are almost always short which makes many possible applicants worry they will be unable to to submit their sample essay for MBA application in time. Being in college might be a small struggle for some. Picking an extremely extended essayabout college student won't only consume your time but in addition alter the total caliber of your work. You should also find out the precise things the college might be ready to know about you. You're not being requested to explain how college can help you grow, but how Oberlin can help you grow. You need to select an essay that you may discuss extensively without a lot of stress. If you choose any of the critical thinking essay samples, you will observe the necessary structure. Obviously, you may use prolonged essay samples, but you've got to understand main ru If you read the official guidelines about extended essay, it is important to take note of it as it'll completely help you. An easy counter argument essay sample isn't only simple to use but limits the likelihood of making many mistakes by a vast percentage. Thus choosing an expert for doing your essays could be the proper selection. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will understand what to research and that which you will deal with. Though the majority of people can write, writing a high quality essay isn't as easy as it appears. You are able to go through multiple essays and books to know more on the subject of web designing. Key Pieces of Interest Essay Samples for College For instance, the price of a persuasive essay will differ from a proposal essay. An essay outline will allow you to organize the general structure of your essay. Before you commence writing your essay, you have to make sure you have human rights extended essay topics in your notes so you can pick the very best topic you would like to write. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can depend on us to deliver. If you understand what you will create GMAT essay, be sure you search the world wide web and read more books. Do your best in writing the essay and be sure that you are not going to incorporate any opinions. You've got a guide and get ideas about what to do with your essay. Be certain you have a general idea of how argumentative essays are formatted. If you get a crystal clear essay, readers will understand easily what you would like to tell. You may find yourself with an extremely dull essay, or you can get rid of inspiration along the line. Such essay samples function as a guidance material that helps the students to prepare impressive essay drafts. It's simple to point out an essay that's been written solely for the interest of it. A superb essay should have essential points. Our admission essay examples can prove that we're here in order to provide simply the very best assistance to assure you which you submit an application essay that you could be confident in.

Investigative Journalism †Libel Actions and Coalition Government Reforms Free Essays

Abstract Investigative journalism is an important part of the international media and the lives of ordinary people, reporters involved with this type of work present important and highly valuable information to the public. This paper talks about investigative journalism and the risks and implications that result from it. When an organization or individual feels attacked by an investigative journalist’s report, they can take a libel action against the journalist. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigative Journalism – Libel Actions and Coalition Government Reforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now These kinds of suits are not only crucial but also highly costly. However, various governments provide some basic rights to both the individual and the journalist. The coalition governments, that is the cabinet of a parliamentary government, of various countries have come up with statutory reforms in order to protect the interest of both these parties. One of these reforms includes the Public Interest Defence reform, which protects journalists from libel actions when the information they have presented is in the public interest. This branch of journalism has been subject to several criticisms, however despite its controversial grounds, it stands strong due its important contributions in relation to public interest. Introduction Investigative Journalism has been a growing branch of journalism in the past and has had considerable influence on people’s mindsets and the media culture. It is a nature of reporting news in which a journalist focuses on a particular personality, business or phenomena and digs deep into its root, in order to bring out serious issues to the public’s eye. The only difference in this kind of reporting is that the people who are connected to the issue are not taken consent of and are often harmed in the process. Investigative Journalism makes available private and confidential information which is guarded with secrecy for public scrutiny. Libel actions are taking against ‘†a publication without justification or lawful excuse which is calculated to injure the reputation of another by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule† (Parke, B. in Parmiter v. Coupland 1840). This paper talks about Investigative Journalism, in context of libel actions and the c onsequences of such law suits. It also talks about different Coalition governments, and their stance on Investigative Journalism as well as the reforms they have introduced, including the Public Interest Defence Reform 1998 which was passed to protect the rights of the reporters. Body The nature of Investigative journalism is inherently controversial and has been received with considerable disapproval by the people who have become its victims. When One’s personal life or organization is attacked by an investigative journalist, they can lawfully take a libel action, mostly libel actions are taken when there is a threat to one’s own or one’s organization’s reputation. Though the requirements of a libel action vary from country to country, mostly the plaintiff must prove that the statement was made to a third party, that the statement was a direct reference to the plaintiff and that the statement was slanderous before filing a libel action. Investigative reporters have some rights and can sometimes successfully avoid the consequences of these libel actions. The main ways are to justify their information as being truthful and actually. They can also exercise their right of Qualified Privilege which is given to a person, who has the authority to give out certain information without being liable of defamation. English law is one of the most reformed and well-enforced law systems which is followed by various countries. After various libel actions were filed, which involved a close battle between freedom of expression of reporters and the right to privacy of the defamed, the Public Interest Disclosure Act, was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1998. This act protects such reporters from a negative treatment by their employer or any individual. It was passed to protect employees who disclose information, which is confidential but is of interest to the general public. This act has been very useful in protecting reporters who carry out risky investigative journalism to bring to light, issues that are in the public interest . Such cases have been very prevalent, for instant in the case, Reynolds v Times Newspapers [2001] 2 AC 127, the â€Å"public interest† defense was used, and â€Å"the Supreme Court unanimously reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal† deciding that Reynolds’s defense was true to public interest and involved media’s freedom of expression. However, the Act has been criticized, as it has been a considerable deterrent on part of the employers, who can neither penalize nor discipline employees, who disclose confidential information and for failing to provide security to the reporters, if a libel action is filed against them. Many constitutions have followed this legislation, the constitution of Canada too enforced Public Interest Defense, stating in Security of Information Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. O-5) that ‘No person is guilty of an offence under section 13 or 14 if the public interest in the disclosure outweighs the public interest in non-disclosure. The weighing of ‘public interest’ against one’s defamation, is a very subjective decision and can vary case to case, thus one can not rely on a jury to objectively give out a decision as to what is of more value. Thus, this legislation has its own limitations, and can at times fail to help the reporters against a libel action. On the other hand the journalist of the developing countries are not even privileged enough to go through a law suit in order to fight for their own rights and neither are the defamed people or organizations, because of a weak law and order enforcement. Despite strict laws, the government of such countries fails to keep the security of the investigative reporters into account and also the libel action cases take several years to complete and a lot of money has to be spent. The reporters are often mistreated by the large organizations or powerful personalities and even face life threats. Such are the implications of investigative journalism; it is a complicated branch of journalism with many repercussions and unpleasant consequences but has its own advantages and uses. Conclusion Investigative journalism has had a considerable effect on the media and the lives of other people. In the third world countries have to risk their lives and face a lot of threats due to the nature of this reporting and often their government fails to provide them any protection. While their law system is weak and the libel actions that are taken, take several years to be proved and thus the victims of their defamation take other ways to threat these reporters. In Developed countries, the law and order is strong and thus these reporters are protected, however libel actions are processed with great care and thus can cost heavy fines and loss of career for these reporters, who are merely carrying out their job or following their employer’s orders. Investigative journalism, thus, can be very costly, whether it is the cost of the journalist’s career or the cost of the plaintiff’s reputation or even the material costs that one faces during or after the judgment is pass ed. References U.S.House, Security of Information Act. Hearing, 1985 Washington: Government Printing Office, Last amended on 2006-12-11. Middleton, Kent, and Chamberlin, Bill F, The Law of Public Communication, Third Edition, 1994, Longman Publishing Group. Lucinda S. Fleeso (1998). Ten Steps to Investigative Reporting. International Center for Journalists. The News Manual [online]. (2008). Available from: . Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 [online]. Available from: . Mr. Robin Williamson (7 May 1996). WarWick [online]. Available from: . Basic Law [online]. (1997). Available from: . Law of Libel Amendment Act 1888 [online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/51-52/64/contents Defamation: Reynolds public interest defence upheld by Supreme Court in Flood v Times Newspaper (2012). Herbert Smith [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . How to cite Investigative Journalism – Libel Actions and Coalition Government Reforms, Essay examples

The turning point of war; Stalingrad battle

Introduction The following essay will show how the Stalingrad battle, ordered by Hitler, was just but the turning point of war in World War II. This is because it was the end of a perception the world had, that Germany was the most powerful nation and could win every war. This will be into comparison with other instances when Hitler had attacked other parts of the world.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The turning point of war; Stalingrad battle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Stalingrad Battle By mid 1942, Germany had cost Russians tremendous losses in terms of resources and work force given that the former had managed to kill over three million Russian soldiers and putting almost a similar number in captivity. Were it not for winter that pushed them back a bit, Germans had captured around ninety percent of Russian land and resources. By the beginning of summer, Hitler was again ready to attack Russia taking advantage of their weak status due to the tremendous losses he had cost them earlier on. The Stalingrad battle began in September 1942 during the winter, led by the â€Å"German commander of the sixth army, General Paulus and assisted by Fourth Panzer Army†; indeed, General Paulus was ordered by Hitler to take Stalingrad whose initial target was to capture the oil fields at Caucasus and their final target was Baku[1], which supplied seventy-one percent of all the oil the Soviets used during Word war II. Hitler’s other reason for capturing Stalingrad was due to its association with Russia as well as its connection to the south waterway. Thus by seizing Stalingrad, he would have paralyzed Russia by a great deal. All his interest on Stalingrad was accelerated by the fact that he was interested in damaging the name of his enemy Stalin who was the Soviet dictator and the city was named after his name. For a long time, the world was convinced that Germany had the best and strongest army, meaning they could win any war. The contrast of this began during Red Verdun war in 1918, two years before World War I ended[2]. In 1916, the cream of Germany army engaged French in a battle that failed terribly and since then, problems began since most its followers withdrew, divisions in the army began which finally collapsed, thus it had no future. Their enemies â€Å"Anglo-American-French bloc,† did not realize that they were approaching victory and they â€Å"continued believing that the German army was still the most powerful†[3]. The Stalingrad battle is different in nature from Red Verdun battle since it was the Germans last expression of a desperate struggle. The Soviet army won this battle and it was not only the turning point in the World War II but in the history of humankind.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sixty five percent of all c asualties in the war were Russian. It was Russia blood, machinery, resources and will which brought Hitler down. This is evident from the fact that, when Stalin appointed the two best military commanders, they vowed to either liberate Stalingrad or die with so much determination. Millions of people in the world followed the proceedings of Stalingrad carefully and every step the Soviet army made brought to them anxiety and stirred elation throughout the world[4]. After this defeat, the German army was in full retreat because it had lost a lot thus it was so weak such that it would take a long time to recover of which Russia was still advancing.. During his battles, before e.g. in Poland, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France, where he definitely won, Hitler never dared to divide his attention but always directed all his concentration to one major objective. Contrary, during the Stalingrad battle, Hitler had divided attention because by the time he ordered attack of the city, some grou ps of his army were still on their way to Caucasus and he was still preparing others for a succeeding attack of Siberia. It was therefore unwise to advance having left a major city unconquered[5]. Were Hitler not divided; his sixth army would not have been intertwined at Stalingrad. The city of Stalingrad was named after the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin who was a great enemy to Hitler. Germany almost overthrew Russia but they failed to exercise their authority. Hitler had dismissed his commander in chief and had taken the role himself without any consultation thus this confusion made it hard for the army to defeat Soviet, which was very organized and determined. Both armies were well equipped with soldiers, artillery guns, tanks, and planes thus, though Germany was thought to be stronger, they would capture areas during the day, but Russia would recapture them at night. Russian commander at the time was Marshal Zhukov. For them to be defeated, Germans were trapped in Stalingrad cit y by a bulk of Zhukov army who had surrounded the city. Paulus could have been able to get out of the trap in the fist stages of Russians preparation but Hitler ordered them to fight up to the last bullet. When the momentum of the battle was fully with the Soviets, Hitler refused to let Paulus retreat since he never wanted to bear the blame.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The turning point of war; Stalingrad battle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their capture was accelerated by the fact that when they were surrounded in the city, it was hard for them to be supplied with food, ammunition, and heat since the winter temperatures were reading negative. Left with no choice, they surrendered to the Soviet army and were taken as prisoners. Germany began to retreat since their defeat in Stalingrad. This is because they lost labor when 91 000 Germans were taken prisoners and they lost their army and equipment mea ning they could not be able to fight the Soviet Union any more. This was the downfall of the world’s most powerful army, which had purposed to conquer the whole world thus their downfall was a complete liberation to the human race and a turning point in the World-war II. The battle of Stalingrad was the bloodiest battle in history and a sudden and widespread disaster of Germany. It was one of the most inhuman and cruel during the World War 2 since people fought literally from street to street and house to house[6]. It was a titanic battle where Stalin’s very name was a target, whereby, every street, house, and floor had to be painstakingly taken. It was the end of the last major gain of territory by the Axis on either front, from then on forward all the major attacks and offensives were a combined effort. Germany was a super power before 1914 but by 1945, it was a second world nation. This is because the invasion of the Soviet Union drained most of their resources. The Germans were completely unprepared for war and if it were not for the long distances and terrible winters, the Soviet Union would have probably lost. The diaphanous numbers of work force and increasing production finally turned the tide. After Germany’s failure to take Stalingrad, their Eastern front army was practically destroyed and they were forced to flee the Soviet Union[7]. This turned the War in putting the Russians on the offensive, which directly aided in the destruction and conquering of Germany by the Allied Forces throughout 1944 and 1945. Germany was, essentially, surrounded with the Americans and British in the West, and the Russians in the East. Before Stalingrad Hitler was still on course to win the war in the European theatre but afterwards, he was on the back foot considering the number of troops that were engaged and that died[8].Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Clearly, the battle was a major strategic mistake by Hitler since it wasted vital German resources. Hitler should have concentrated all forces in Southern Russia and used them to capture the vital oil fields of the Caucasus’s since oil was the lifeblood of all the mechanized tanks, planes, and trucks that the Soviet union used during World war II. In Stalingrad, the Germans were bogged down and lost all their previous advantages such as mobility, firepower and aircraft cover. Despite taking 90% of the city, the Russians held on, and since they well conversant with the winter season, they were able to encircle the city, rendering Germans helpless. Thousands of men had been trapped and surrounded and the first German field marshal had been taken prisoner in history – a major propaganda coup for Stalin and a slap in the face for Hitler. Had Soviets lost Stalingrad, they would have lost the war, and the raw material they needed would have fallen into the hands of Germans. This is because their target, Stalingrad and Baku were the major suppliers of oil and other necessities Soviet were using during the World War II. The Downfall of Hitler The downfall of Germany came from poor leadership. This is because when the Germans were attacking Russia for the second time, Hitler decided to taken up the role of his Generals and he consulted them no more. Earlier on, the German military had purposed to continue evading the already weak Russian army and to crush the remaining ones as well as capturing the Russia capital city. Furthermore, they were to capture the rich oil fields Caucasus as well as Stalingrad, the main industrial and transportation centre that was the main waterway of inner Russia. Their aim was not to occupy Stalingrad but to put it under heavy surveillance to ensure that no businesses were operating. The biggest mistake that Hitler did was his decision to remain in Stalingrad after being deceived by the fact that they had achieved their first objective as per their plans, thus he thought the Russians would not counter attack. His decision lead to heavy losses since he lost the southern campaign and his army was destroyed. All this was because of taking power to himself since he never listened to them and he insisted that they were to fight until the last bullet[9]. The other reason that leads to the downfall of Hitler and his army was divided interest. He was over confident due to his previous success in the western front and thus he decided to conquer the outstretched Soviet Union in three months. This made him disperse his army through the large socialist nation since he wanted to achieve his objectives very fast and still conquer Moscow to the north and Persian Gulf to the south. At the same time, he had dismissed his commander-in-chief and he was still directing a Japanese fascist that was preparing to attack Siberia after the fall of Stalingrad. All these tasks divided his attention making it hard for him to perfect the matter at hand. At the end of that summer, Hitler had not achieved any of his objectives since he was too ambitious. He was not able to penetrate the oil fields nor did he capture Stalingrad, thus his army was left unable to advance or to retreat causing immense losses[10]. When Russians realized that it was so evident from the look of things that they would loose their city to Germans, Stalin came up with a very brilliant strategy that drew Hitler towards destruction[11]. He realized that the only thing that would save Russia was a good leadership. He therefore chose two superb commanders with highest military skills and strong will i.e. General Zhukov at national level and Vasily Chuikov at local level. They vowed to either defend the city or die. Since Germany, leadership was weak and Hitler had already dismissed his commander in chief, this counter attack swept them off the ground and the result was that hundreds of thousands of their military men were killed though the dam ages and killings were both way traffic. Conclusion The Soviet Union victory against Germany was the beginning of liberation of humankind from the hands of a dictator Hitler. The Germans were thought to be the most powerful nation in the world and even at the verge of their defeat; they still under estimated the Russian resources. The Russians did their preparation for the counter attack very carefully, putting every detail of their internal organization in perspective, as they knew that a slight mistake would bestow victory upon their rivals. On the other hand, by the time, Germans realized the ability in Russia, there was little left to do apart from surrendering. Furthermore, the nature of dictatorship in Hitler cost Germany a great deal since he dismissed the opinions of professionals making it hard for them to operate. Actually, after they were defeated, Hitler announced a mourning day to accomplish his blame game over his army commander Paulus. Apart from its losses, German ar my lost its formidable image of being unbeatable. Out of the hundreds of thousands of Germans militia who went for war, only five thousand went home safe. Indeed, around three hundred thousand soldiers from Germany died in Stalingrad thus indicating how terribly the Germans had lost the battle to the Russians. The Soviet victory boosted their morale a great deal and fought with vigor until the end of World War II, which lasted almost three years since the defeat of Germany. Bibliography Anon. The Battle of Stalingrad, N.d. Web. Duiker, William and Spielvogel, Jackson. World History. NY: Cengage Learning, 2008. Web. Hansen, Valerie and Curtis, Kenneth. Voyages in the World History. NY: Cengage Learning, 2008. Web. Trueman, Chris. The Battle of Stalingrad, N.d. Web. Tse-tung, Mao. The Turning Point in World War II, 2004 Web. Footnotes Anon. The Battle of Stalingrad. N.d. Mao Tse-tung, The Turning Point in World War II. 2004. William, Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History. M ao Tse-tung, 2004. Mao Tse-tung, 2004. Valerie Hansen, and Kenneth, Curtis. Voyages in the World History. William, Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel, 2010. Valerie Hansen, and Kenneth, Curtis, 2010. Anon, N.d. Mao Tse-tung, 2004. Chris Trueman. The Battle of Stalingrad. N.d. This term paper on The turning point of war; Stalingrad battle was written and submitted by user Cruz Caldwell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Frost essays

Frost essays With a Colt pistol pointed dead at the doctor, threatening to shoot if anything happened to his expecting wife, a very erratic William Frost welcomed his son Robert Lee Frost into the world in San Francisco California on March 26, 1874. Frost was named part after his grandfather and after the defeated Civil war general Lee. Thinking that he was the product of a premarital mistake, Robert tried to hide it by saying he was born a year after, in 1875. In the beginning, William was happy with his son, but as his health began to spoil and he took to the bottle. William felt very burdened with his family and would constantly abuse them. Robert, through all the torment and abuse, stuck close to his mother who tried to make up for her husbands abuse by pampering her son. After the death of his father from tuberculosis, Frosts mother, Isabelle, moved Robert and his sister Jeanie to Lawrence, Massachusetts. In 1892, Robert graduated with honors from his high school and was valedictorian along with Elinor White, which was his high school love. After high school Robert went to Dartmouth College and persued a career in poetry. In 1894, he succeeded in having his fist professional publication. The Independent, a literary journal, published his poem My Butterfly: An Elegy. He soon after left college and married his high school sweetheart, Elinor. With his family growing, Frost struggled to get by. Robert and Elinor had six children in total and two died at an early age leaving Frost with one son and three daughters. In 1897, Frost resumed college at Harvard, but he left within two years. In order to support his family, Robert Frost raised poultry on a farm in New Hampshire and he was also teaching at the Pinkerton Academy in Derry. During his days in New Hampshire, Frost became a botanist and took on the New England persona in his writings. Still trying to get his writings published, Frost realized that the A...

How to Determine the Equation of a Line

How to Determine the Equation of a Line There are many instances in science and math in which you will need to determine the equation of a line. In chemistry, youll use linear equations in gas calculations, when analyzing rates of reaction, and when performing Beers Law calculations. Here are a quick overview and example of how to determine the equation of a line from (x,y) data. There are different forms of the equation of a line, including the standard form, point-slope form, and slope-line intercept form. If you are asked to find the equation of a line and are not told which form to use, the point-slope or slope-intercept forms are both acceptable options. Standard Form of the Equation of a Line One of the most common ways to write the equation of a line is: Ax By C where A, B, and C are real numbers Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a Line A linear equation or equation of a line has the following form: y mx b m: slope of the line; m Δx/Δy b: y-intercept, which is where the line crosses the y-axis; b yi  - mxi The y-intercept is written as the point  (0,b). Determine the Equation of a Line Determine the equation of a line using the following (x,y) data. (-2,-2), (-1,1), (0,4), (1,7), (2,10), (3,13) First calculate the slope m, which is the change in y divided by the change in x: y Δy/Δx y [13 - (-2)]/[3 - (-2)] y 15/5 y 3 Next calculate the y-intercept: b yi  - mxi b (-2) - 3*(-2) b -2 6 b 4 The equation of the line is y mx b y 3x 4 Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line In the point-slope form, the equation of a line has slope m and passes through the point (x1, y1). The equation is given using: y - y1 m(x - x1) where m is the slope of the line and (x1, y1) is the given point Determine the Equation of a Line Find the equation of a line passing through points (-3, 5) and (2, 8). First determine the slope of the line. Use the formula: m (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)m (8 - 5) / (2 - (-3))m (8 - 5) / (2 3)m 3/5 Next use the point-slope formula. Do this by choosing one of the points, (x1, y1) and putting this point and the slope into the formula. y - y1 m (x - x1)y - 5 3/5 (x - (-3))y - 5 3/5 (x 3)y - 5 (3/5)(x 3) Now you have the equation in point-slope form. You could proceed to write the equation in slope-intercept form if you wish to see the y-intercept. y - 5 (3/5)(x 3)y - 5 (3/5)x 9/5y (3/5)x 9/5 5y (3/5)x 9/5 25/5y (3/5)x 34/5 Find the y-intercept by setting x0 in the equation of the line. The y-intercept is at the point (0, 34/5).

Phase 2 DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phase 2 DB - Essay Example The brand image of the company and its products would greatly influence the very being of the training requirements so that they are able to focus on customer demands. The competitive advantage of the firm would be a positive signal for getting the products across and making the right kind of move for getting the job done. The training requirements for the firm’s products can be arranged to the separate division for the company to plan and would take care of such requirements. Creating a new division for the sake of catering the training requirements would enhance the aims of the company so that they are able to meet with the company policies and at the same time take full advantage of the brand image of the company on the whole. The training and consultation requirements form a major requirement of the company and would entail the greater allocation of resources at their disposal and management commitment are the strongest points for getting the proper management of the new division of the firm. The catering of the services to the customers would meet the objectives of the firm so that they are able to render better services in the form of getting the products perform better and render after sales service. It has been pointed out that the negative sequence of the profit margin is due to costs incurred by the company so that they are able to manage the company’s resources. A new division is more beneficial to establishing a new separate company so that they are able to cut costs and take the operations to a new different level. The training demands for the products are likely to increase the bulk of orders and would promote a sense of vision for the marketing of the products so that it can be taken up for the purpose of achieving the goodwill of the customers at a large scale. Creating a new company for meeting the training demands would entail separation of some employees to the new organization which

What is lost when indigenous Australian use standard English Essay

What is lost when indigenous Australian use standard English - Essay Example â€Å"Standard† Australian English is the term used to refer to a derivative of a dialect, spoken in the southeast of the United Kingdom, which became the standard or basic English spoken in Australia. â€Å"The fact this dialect derivative became the language of formal education in Australia, a continent with once over 600 languages from 250 language groups, is not a matter of linguistics but a legacy of politics and power.† (Whitehouse, 2011, pg.59). This role of politics and power is visible in the diminishment of various indigenous languages throughout the world, including in Australia. When this diminishment of languages occurs, many related as well as the encompassing aspects of those languages including culture of the people, words and the context in which they are used, etc., are also lost. â€Å"Every language encapsulates its cultural knowledge with its own unique structures of grammar and vocabulary. To lose the beauty of the linguistic system is to inevitab ly lose some of the culture.† (Crace, 2002, pg.2). Among the various aspects, which were lost due to the indigenous Australians’ use of Standard English, one is regarding how they used certain environment related words, particularly their meaning or sub-contexts. For the Aborigines, environment or nature is an integral part of their lives, with every aspect of environment intertwined with their day-to-day living. However, for the European colonists Nature is just a â€Å"uniform backdrop to the diversity of ‘our’ cultures [and] as an exploitable resource which cannot answer back† (Whitehouse, 2011, pg.58). Due to this differing perspective, Aborigines’ languages had words for the environmental things, which brought out the emotional attachment they had for those things. For example, in Djabugay language, â€Å"balmba† means habitable country– or wet woodlands in European terms -

Virtual era- new features in marketing

Virtual era- new features in marketing Virtual Era- New Features In Marketing Cap Virtual market Forty nine of the Worlds leading food, beverages, and consumer products companies have joined hands to form the largest business to business e-Market place Transora.com. The new company is the first of its kind owned by the consumer products industry. Transora will help consumer products companies across the world to streamline business transactions with their buyers, suppliers and distributors through the internet. Transoras services will span the entire supply chain-from suppliers to manufactures to retailers-and provide procurement, vendor, and product catalogues, online order management, supply chain collaboration, and financial services. The companies have committed nearly us $ 250 million for funding Transora (CBI News Bulletin, July/august 2000) The buzz word viral marketing and coral advertising and virtual marketing refers to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks produce increase in brand awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives (such as product sales) through self replicating viral processes, analogues to the spread of pathological and computer viruses. It can be word of mouth delivered or enhanced by the network effects of the internet. Viral promotions may take the form of video clips, interactive flash games, Adver games, EBooks, brand able software, images, or even text messages. The goal of marketers interested in creating successful viral marketing programs is to identify individuals with high social networking potential and create viral messages that appeal to this segment of the population and have a high probability of being taken by another competitor. The term viral marketing or virtual marketing has been also used pejoratively to refer to stealth marketing campaigns- the unscrupulous use of astroturfing on line combined with under market advertising in shopping centers to create the impression of spontaneous word of mouth enthusiasm. Internet marketing Internet marketing also referred to as marketing, web marketing, online marketing or eMarketing is the marketing of products or services over the internet. The internet has brought media to a global audience. The interactive nature of internet marketing in terms of providing instant response and eliciting responses is a unique quality of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to have a broader scope because it only refers to the internet, email, and wireless media, but it includes management of digital customer data and electronic Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system. Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the internet, including design, development, advertising, and sales. Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along with different stages of the Customer Engagement Cycle through search engine Marketing(SEM), Search Engine Optimization(SEO), banner ads on specific websites, email marketing, and web 2.0 strategies. In 2008 the New York Times, working with co score, published an initial estimate to quantify the user data collected by large internet based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for collecting data upward of 2500 times on average per user per month. E-Marketing EMarketing is a subset of e business that utilize electronic medium to perform marketing activities and achieve desired marketing objectives for an organization. Internet marketing, interactive marketing, and mobile marketing for example, are all the form of e marketing. E-Business EBusiness means utilizing electronic medium in everyday business activities. There are several levels of involvement in when it comes to EBusiness. For example where one organization relies completely on e business the second one way chooses a mixed presence and means of doing business. Difference Difference Between E-Business, E-Commerce, And E-Marketing eBusiness is a very broad entity dealing with the entire complex system that comprises a business that uses electronic medium to perform or assist its overall or specialized business activities. eCommerce is best described in a transactional context. So for example an electronic transition of funds, information, or entertainment falls under the category handled by principles of eCommerce. Technically e commerce is a part of e business eMarketing is also a part of e business that involves electronic medium to achieve marketing objectives. E marketing is set on a strategic level in addition to traditional marketing and business strategy. Difference Between E Marketing And Interactive Marketing eMarketing is a broader term that describes any marketing activity performed via electronic medium. Interactive marketing is generally a sub of eMarketing that involves a certain level of interaction. Difference Between E-Markeitng And Internet Or Web Marketing: There is no real difference between eMarketing and internet or web marketing. However, with the arrival of mobile technologies such as PDAs and 3G mobile phones, as well as interactive television, both terms would see eMarketing and internet or web marketing as subtly different, for example chaffy; Internet {or web} marketing is achieving marketing objectives through applying digital technologies. eMarketing is achieving marketing objectives through use of electronic communications technology. Whilst this distinction is wholly acceptable, it is difficult to see where the distinction lies between digital technologies and electronic communications technologies, especially with the convergence of technologies such as mobile devices. Advantages Of E-Marketing Following are some of the advantages of e marketing: Reduction in costs through automation and use of electronic media. Faster response to both marketers and the end user. Increased ability to measure and collect data. Opens the possibility to a market of one through personalization. Increased interactivity. Disadvantages Of E-Marketing Following are some disadvantages of eMarketing: lack of personal approach , Defensibility on technology, Security, privacy issues, Maintenance costs due to a constantly evolving environment, Higher transparency of pricing and increased price promotion, Worldwide competition through globalization. E-Marketing Plan eMarketing plan is a strategic document developed through analysis and research and is aimed at achieving marketing objectives via electronic media. eMarketing plan represents a sub set of organizations overall marketing plans supports the general business strategy. Every good eMarketing plan must be developed in line with the organizations overall marketing plan. In a broad sense e marketers generally start by analyzing the current micro- and macro economic situation of the organization. eMarketers must observe both internal and external factors when developing an e marketing plan as trends in both micro environment elements are: pricing, suppliers, customers. Examples or macro environment are: socio economic, political, demographics and legal factors. In order to reduce a viable e marketing solution, e marketers must first understand the current situation of the company and its environment, profile, segment the target market and then strategically position the products as to achieve optimal response with the target market. This is generally achieved through SWOT analysis. By assessing organizations strengths and weaknesses and looking at current opportunities and threats one can devise an e marketing strategy that can improve the organizations bottom line. E-Marketing(In Brief) eMarketing is essentially a part of marketing. But What is the difference between eMarketing and internet or web marketing? What are the eMarketing tools? And how do marketers plan for eMarketing? The American marketing association definition 2004 is as follows: Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Therefore e marketing by its very nature is one aspect of an organizational function and a set of process for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. As such an aspect, eMarketing has its own approaches and tools that contribute to the achievement of marketing goals and objectives. This also helps us to differentiate between eMarkeitng and eCommerce, since eCommerce is simply buying and selling online: What Are The E-Marketing Tools? The internet has a number of tools to offer to the marketer. A company can distribute via the internet e.g. amazon.com, A company can use the internet as a way of building and maintaining a customer relationship e.g. Dell.com, The money collection part of a transaction could be done online e.g. electricity and telephone bills, Leads can be generated by attracting potential customers to sign up for short periods of time, before signing up for the long-term e.g. which.co.uk, The internet could be used for advertising e.g. Google Adwords, Finally, the web can be used as a way of collecting direct responses e.g. as part of a voting system for a game show. How Do Marketers Plan For E-Marketing? There are two ways to looking it; An existing organization may embark upon some eMarkeitng as part of their marketing plan. An organization trades solely on the internet and so their marketing plan focuses purely on eMarketing. The marketing plan in either case is the next step, whether focused upon eMarketing or all, marketing. The next lessons focus upon a tailor-made eMarketing plan which conforms to the Acronym AOSTC {from our generic marketing planning session} Situation Analysis For VIRTUAL Marketing The situation analysis for eMarketing bridges the internal audit and competitor research. It answers the question where are we now in terms of our marketing (internal v/s external perspective)? The analysis literally considers your eMarkeitng situation by considering the fit between internal and external factors. There are similarities with traditional concepts and techniques, but you need to focus upon digital commerce. Here we consider the 5ss of internet marketing, the customer life cycle, and the application of SWOT analysis. The Customer Life Cycle (CLC) The customer life cycle is a tool that creation and delivery of lifetime value to customers i.e. CLC looks at products and services that customers need throughout their lives. It is market oriented rather than product oriented. Key stages of the customer relationship are considered. SWOT Analysis-Ranked And Weighted SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Some of the problems that you may encounter with SWOT are as a result of one of its key benefits i.e. its flexibility. Since SWOT analysis can be used in a variety of scenarios, it has to be flexible. To overcome these issues, one should employ a power SWOT. SWOT Analysis-Power SWOT SWOT analysis is a marketing audit that considers an organizations strengths, weaknesses opportunities and threats. Our introductory lesson gives you the basics of how to compete your SWOT as you begin to learn about marketing tools. As you learn more about SWOT analysis, you will become aware of a number of potential limitations with this popular tool. This lesson aims to help you overcome potential pitfalls. Some of the problems that you may encounter with SWOT are as a result of one of its key benefits i.e. flexibility since SWOT analysis can be used in a variety of scenarios, it has to be flexible. However this can lead to a number of anomalies. Problems with basis SWOT analysis can be addressed using a more critical power SWOT. Power is an acronym for personal experience, order, weighting, emphasizing detail, and rank priorities. This is how it works. How do you the marketing manager fit in relation with the SWOT analysis? You bring your experiences, skills, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs to the audit. Your perception or simple gut feeling will impact the SWOT. Often marketing managers will in adversely reverse opportunities and strengths, and threats and weaknesses. This is because the line between internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats is sometimes difficult to spot. For example, in relation to global warming and climate change, one could mistake environmentalism as a threat rather than a potential opportunity. Too often elements of a SWOT analysis are not weighted. Naturally some points will be more controversial than others, so weight the factors. One way would be to use percentages e.g. threat a=10%, threat b=70%, and threat =20 %{ they total 100%} Detail, reasoning, and justification are often omitted from the SWOT analysis. Where one tends to find is that the analysis contains lists of single words. For example, under opportunities one might find the term technology. This stage word does not tell a reader very much. What is really meant is: Technology enables marketers to communicate via mobile devices close to the point of purchase. This provides the opportunity of a distinct competitive advantage for our company. This will greatly assist you when deciding upon best to score and weight each element. Once detail has been added, and factors have been revived for weighting, you can then progress to give the SWOT analysis some strategic meaning i.e. you can begin to select those factors that will most greatly influence your marketing strategy albeit a mix of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threatens. Essentially you rank them highest to lowest, and then prioritize those with the highest rank e.g. where opportunity c= 60% opportunity a= 25% and opportunity b = 10% you marketing plan would address opportunity c first, and opportunity b last. It is important to address opportunities primarily since your business should be market oriented. Then match strengths to opportunities and look for a fit. Address any gaps between current strengths and future opportunities. Finally attempt to rephrase threats as opportunities (as with global warming and climate change above), and address weaknesses so that they become strengths, Gap analysis would be bridge the gap between them. Competitor Research For Virtual Marketing (External Perspective) As you plan for eMarketing and during the plans implementation, one needs to play careful attention to the activities of competitors, so competitors research for eMarketing is essential when attempting to answer the question where are we now (external perspective). There are a number of approaches that can be employed, with the emphasis on each approach shifting depending upon the nature of our e business and market. Here are some key tools of competitor research for eMarketing. Use search engines. General topics such as Google, yahoo And msn Type names of competitors Type industry, product or term Search ‘down in to a directory structure e.g. yahoo Search a competitors web site Product information , press released, job opportunities Pricing information Distribution information such as where to buy. Hunt for trade associations Search for personal pages or blogs Different perspective e.g. fans, ex-employees. e.g. www. blogger. com , Â  www. myspace. com, Â  www. youtube. Com. Ask your target market. Send question to named personnel, newsgroups, personal pages, mailing lists. Conduct a survey using. Buy secondary reports e.g. data monitors, mintel. Newsgroups and post queries, newsgroups on bulletin boards or forums Deja. com(Google) Read online financial information research public companies iii.co.uk ample up ft.com up Read online competitive information. e.g. hoovers.com paid for, inus Study demographic reports statistics.gov.uk/ census in up census.gov inus Original source material Business source elite, newspapers, Kellys compass. Monitor special interest material Business source elite, newspaper, Kellys, compass. Monitor special interest material. E.g. marketing week (BSE), campaign (BSE), marketing (BSE). Use a professional researcher EMarketing Mix The eMarketing mix is essentially the same as the marketing mix. it is simply the adaption of price, place product, and promotion to the eMarketing context. Of course one could also include physical evidence, people, and process when marketing planning for an online service. Below are a series of lessons that consider how markets can apply the eMarketing mix to their organizations own product, service, brand, or solution. E marketing Price The eMarketing mix is simply an adaptation of the traditional marketing mix and ‘P for price. However, the internet has influenced how online businesses price in a number of ways. E Marketing Place {Place Tactics As Part Of The E-Marketing Mix.) The e marketing space consists of new internet companies that have emerged as the internet has developed, as well as those pre-existing companies that new employ eMarketing approaches as part of their overall marketing plan. For some companies the internet is an additional channel that enhances or replaces their traditional channel of place. Pre Existing companies that have adopted eMarketing These are traditional companies that trade on the internet, Banking and financial services e.g. HSBC bank. Banks and financial services have benefited tremendously from the popularity of internet usage. There is a mixture of new online banks and traditional banks, both offering online banking services. Essentially banks no longer need to invest in high cost, high street selling unit i.e. old fashioned town-based banks. Labor costs have also been reduced since much of the traditional banking bureaucracy is done using it and the use of overseas call centers has meant that salaries are much lower. Software also means that customers can be retained by using Customer Relationship Management (CRM) eMarketing approaches. E marketing Product Considered product as part of the marketing mix. Two previous tools for product decision-making have been introduced- Product Life Cycle (PLC) and the three levels of a product. Both of these tools and equally applicable to the context of e marketing and can be easily applied to include e marketing and product. For example a product marketed solely online will go through a life cycle in the same unpredictable way as a product marketed through any traditional channel (PLC). Products marketed online will have a core benefit tot eh customer, be an actual tangible product, with augmentation that ads value such as insurance, warranties and so on three levels of a product). Although tools actually specify the term ‘product, they can be easily adapted to include brands. Services or solutions. E marketing product/business matrix (depicted below should be used in conjunction with Product Life Cycle (PLC) and the three levels of a product. It represents additional tools for audit that bridges existing businesses and new online start-us, and existing products and new products. It allows marketers to categories those marketing on the internet as an online extender, an online alternative, an online innovator (existing business), and Oran online innovator (online start-up). Let us look at it in more detail; A- Online Extender An on line extender is an existing business that has a strategy whereby it extends its marketing activities to the internet. It could be any traditional, terrestrial organization that has historically grown through using traditional channels of distribution to get existing products, brands, services, or solutions to market. B- Online Alternatives The online alternative is a new start-up that uses the internet as an original channel of distribution to get products, brands, services or solutions, currently available elsewhere, to, arekt. Some segments may be better targeted with this online alternative for example remote or fragmented markets. C And D- Online Innovators Online innovators come in two forms; C- Online innovators are existing businesses that see a benefit to launching new and innovative products, brands, services or solutions online by leveraging new technology. Existing businesses have a wealth of knowledges and learning that underpin their moves onto the web. Remember, the internet is not a business paradigm shift (at last not yet) and so current business approaches are often adapted for the internet. Existing businesses have experience. D- Online innovators are start-ups that seize the opportunities to launch new and innovative products, brands, services, or solutions online. Deposit not having as much knowledge and learning as some of their competitors, they are flexible and can move much more quickly. Start-ups often experience. We have already considered product as part of the marketing mix. Two previous tools for product decision- making have been introduced product life cycle and the three level of a product. E Marketing Promotion It looks at ways of increasing the popularity of your website by looking at the internal optimization of the website itself. It considers many important ways of building your traffic, including Search Engine Optimization (SEO) approaches. It looks at ways of increasing the popularity of your website by looking at external sources of internet advertising. Lesson internet marketing and promotion: internet advertising. This lesson looks at ways of increasing the popularity of your website by looking at external sources of internet advertising. Pay per click advertising Google ad words. Google ad words are a Cost per Click (CPC) online advertising program. Identically that means that you decide upon key word that relates closely to your product or service. Using Googles tools, you price how much it would cost your per click for your chosen keyword- this could be lucent, $1.50 or more, depending on the popularity of the keyword. So the keyword marketing would be more expensive than the keyword marketing cheese china because of its level of popularity. You then allocate a budget, and pay Google by credit card. You can control the length of your campaign, or end it as soon as the money in PPC management (Pay per Click Management) or recruit a verified Google awards professional. Adverts appear alongside Google search results- so go to Google and search for marketing. The ads appearing alongside the main search results are cps. Ads also appear on selected content websites-such as www.chichesteuk.com-look at the adverts along the top, and down the right hand column- this is where ads based upon the keyword chic ester would appear. You only pay for adverts that get clicked- not for page views- so you pay nothing if your advert is simply viewed. There is also an opportunity for ‘Smart pricing whereby you pay more for the advert if a sale is guaranteed e.g. you have a website based upon fishing- you write a review of a new type of fishing rod, the visitor then sees an ad for the same rod in an ad words text ad running on the same page then clicks on it and buys from the advertiser. Adwords is a very targeted and controllable way of online advertising hence the huge rises in income and profit for Google over recent times. EMarketing Price (Pricing Tactics As Part Of The E-Marketing Mix.) The eMarketing mix is simply an adaption of the traditional marketing mix and ‘P for price. However the internet has influenced how online businesses price in a number of ways. International pricing and competition give consumers access to the lowest price for any generic good. For example, British consumers benefit when buying products from the United States since there is almost two dollar to the pound. Conversely this makes British goods more expensive to the American consumer. So it is cheap to buy spectacles from a us website and then to import them into the UK (even including transport costs and import taxes) Online auctions are a popular and innovative way of pricing, for example ebay. Here you register with the online auction company as a seller and/or a buyer. You can place an item into auction where buyers bid against each other. The highest bidder wins. The auction websites takes a commission. The commission is factored into the price you pay. Greater access to pricing information, more quickly and in a format that makes pricing comparable and transparent. There are a number of sites that will compare and contrast prices for the same or similar goods and services e.g. prices on car insurance. Pricing could also include the cost of an online advertising medium such as Google ad words. Here an online supplier would buy a keyword located in a text or image based advert onto Googles own search engine or onto a website belonging to a Google publisher. For example you search term hair straightness on Google and you are directed to a site about hair dressing. On this site is plenty of information about hair straightening, placed next to some contextual adverts. You click on the advert and you are taken to a site selling hair dressing supplies. You buy the hair straightness and your supplier pay a small ‘Pay-Per-Click fee which is split between Google and their publisher. This is factored into the price you pay. Traditional Pricing Tactics Used In E-Marketing Of course the internet marketers still has a whole selection of the more traditional pricing approaches to choose from that can be adapted to eMarketing scenarios: Premium Pricing E.g. Selling Music Via ITunes. Penetration pricing e.g. giving away free subscription to land grab market share for new start ups such as youtube.com and myspace.com. Economy pricing e.g. selling basic products and services online likes basic design or paperclips. Price skimming e.g. new product launches online such as albums or games. Psychological pricing e.g. products and services sold at 99p or $99.99 (price point perspective). Product line pricing e.g. subscription 1 @ free, subscription 2 @ $10.00(with added value) and subscription 3 @ $49.99 for 10 year. Pricing variations e.g. budget airlines selling tickets online where the first tickets bought are the cheapest, and the last ones bought tend to be more expensive. Optional product pricing e.g. selling a holiday online with travel insurance. Captive product pricing e.g. once you buy virus software from one brand, your updates must also come from them. Product bundle pricing e.g. buying internet access which comes with free online phone calls. Promotional pricing e.g. betting incentives, such as free dollars to gambles online for current customers that gamble on football games to tempt them to play online pocker, or vouchers with codes sent by email as rewards e.g. Amazon.com. Geographical Pricing e.g. Microsoft pricing in different currencies in different international markets. Search Marketing {Overture And Yahoo} Overture is the yahoo equivalent of Googles ad words. Now known as yahoo Search marketing, overture has a series of sub-products that make up its internet marketing program. Here some examples: 1) Sponsored search: Displays your advert at the top of the search engine results. So your potential customers search for a ‘keyword and your advert appears at the top of the results page. Again, as this ad words, the advertisers bid against each other to obtain the position that will generate the most convertible traffic to their site. Popular keywords will cost more-obviously. 2) Local advertising: Gets your business listed in yahoos business directory. So if you wish to promote products in specific regions next to specific search keywords, this is a much targeted geographical services. Overture has many other similar services such as search submit, product submit, travel submit and director submit that could be considered. Affiliate Marketing Affiliate Marketing is where an organization offers and incentive to other web based organizations to market the products or services that it offers. So a company selling surfboards could have affiliate destinations. The affiliate program is supplied by one organization whereas the affiliate is the website that promotes on behalf of the supplying organization. Put simply affiliate marketing is a basic agency arrangement. There is rarely and pay per click cash, but affiliates tend to take a commission on any goods sold as a result of the click. What does it look like? Affiliate marketing sees a banners advert or a text advert placed upon an affiliates website. When the advert attracts a click, the visitor is taken through to the site that originated the affiliated program. No cash changes hands until there is a sale, but affiliate rewards tend to be higher than regular pay per click. Commission Junction (CJ) is a well known example of an affiliate marketing company. CJ acts as an intermediary between affiliate programs. Suppliers of all types and sizes. So if you have a successful website, that does well in the search engines and is popular with visitors, you such old register with CJ and place affiliate add on to your site. Offline promotions strategies. Of course to promote website you should also consider offline promotion strategies such as those used by non internet businesses. Our lesson store contains lessons on promotion (as part of the marketing mix) and also marketing communication (and its own mix) here selection of other suitable approaches to offline promotion: Create a media release or announce a media conference regarding yo

International dairy queens decision Essay

International dairy queen is a successful company that owns licenses and services to dairy queen restaurants, orange Julius stores and karmelkom shoppes. Currently, international dairy queen operates over 6000 chains globally and the number is yet to increase as international dairy queen seeks to venture more into the Middle East market. Environments International Dairy Queen Stores’ decision to open a subsidiary in Bahrain presents challenges and opportunities to the company. Before developing any strategy plans International Dairy Queen should perform a SLEPT analysis which is a critical look into social, legal, economic, political and technological influences. This is because it will not operate in a vacuum and these environments indirectly affect business activities. In addition these business environments are constantly in a changing state and companies need to be aware of these changes. This enables the company to stay ahead of these changes and act in a proactive way rather than reacting hurriedly to adapt to the changes. In the Middle East, Bahrain particularly stands out as the ideal location because it has numerous opportunities. Bahrain is a vibrant country with a multicultural population owing to the numerous tourists that visit. Many people refer to it as the ‘Middle East lite’ due to its substantial resource endowment, vibrant market economy and state of the art infrastructure, stable political system and high investment rating. International dairy queen would do well having business in Bahrain. The population is large and diverse plus the hot climate and tourist attractions attract restaurants business. The description above of Bahrain demonstrates that, indeed there are untapped opportunities for international dairy queen. The general pointers to a mature economy that include a ready market for goods and services, a friendly legal environment as well as a stable political system are evident in the case of Bahrain. There is need though to avoid over glorifying the country by giving a brief of some of the potential challenges that international dairy queen will have to contend with if entry into Bahrain market will prove to be a success. The political system comprises of all processes, structures and activities that prevail in a country. On the other hand, the legal system comprises of the laws and regulations enforced in a country. (Lucas, 2000) In international business, there are global legal issues that prevail beyond country’s boundaries such as intellectual property, product safety and liability and anti-corruption regulations. The political/ legal framework in Bahrain lays out the regulations and laws governing trade. Particularly, there are rules governing registration of companies import tariffs, ownership, trade registrations, customs payment and so on. International Dairy Queen Stores will have to comply with these laws and regulations if it is to trade in Bahrain. In addition, there are laws that stipulate environment regulations. This regulation prohibits creation of pollution, or any culture that contravenes moral standards. International Dairy Queen is a well established company whose activities are eco friendly. Laws regarding registration of foreign companies are stiff but not impossible. The government permits wholly owned foreign companies. However, restrictions on the importing products from parent company are imposed. Laws regarding employment stipulate the number of employees who must be sponsored from the local community. Licensing is easy as the government stretches good will to foreign investors. International Dairy Queen has to critically look into these laws and rules and their impact to its operation before proceeding any further. Lastly, health and safety laws are enforced to protect the customers from substandard goods that may cause harm to consumers. International dairy queen should pay attention to the rules that directly affect its operations. Social factors and cultural factors are equally important. These factors encompass the tastes, preferences, lifestyles, fashion, demographic factors and patterns of behavior. (Lucas, 2000) it is important to note that the tastes and preferences of people are very dynamic. The attitudes of people also change. The vast population largely comprises of young and aged fun loving people. The numbers of foreigners, who visit the country, make the setting ideal for International Dairy Queens products. Citizens of Bahrain love the good things in life. They have an expensive taste and International Dairy Queen Stores’ products match this standard. The current trend towards eating healthy diets and sugar free products may have an impact on international dairy queen. Cases of obesity in children and the negative effects of high sugar consumption raise concern among consumers. This will mean that international dairy queen invests in promoting it desserts and probably develop tasty and high quality sugar free desserts to cater for the sensitive consumers. Although the change in customers’ tastes and preferences differ across different age groups, International Dairy Queen Range of products caters for all. When evaluating the economic factors in the external environment, the key areas that one needs to look at is the interest rates, wage rates, general level of prices i.e. inflation rate and the customer’s purchasing power. (Lucas, 2000). The economy of any country tends to fluctuate from time to time. This characterized by periods of booms and repressions. The direct impact of these changes is price increase. Currently Bahrain’s economic condition is stable. Interest rates are low and demand high. People disposable income are high and they are willing to spend more on luxuries as dining out and International Dairy Queen comes in. by locating its stores at strategic locations where impulse buying is constant for 8instance the shopping malls, beaches and gas stations. International Dairy Queen can take advantage of this situation to expand in the Middle East in this case Bahrain. Technological factors are vital and need to be considered. This is because technology gives organizations a competitive advantage and facilitates globalization. Whenever one assesses the technological factors of any place the following questions come to mind. Does the technology enable production of high quality goods and at a cheaper cost? Does the technology offer innovative products that allow better ways of operating? Most importantly, does the technology provide better or new ways of communicating with customers? These questions play a guiding role in deciding what technology to utilize in order to gain a competitive edge. Technology in Bahrain can be described simply as state of the Art. Their transportation and communication system is highly advanced and the people are highly skilled. Given that international dairy queen is a dedicated company to quality it has to ensure that the franchisee are highly educated and its employees do not compromise on quality service delivery. Hence the highly skilled population in Bahrain should come in handy when a franchise opens. International Dairy Queen being a company involved in mass production is particularly keen on acquiring fast and efficient technologies. Total quality management is also of great importance to International Dairy Queen Inc. This is because its dairy products are very sensitive to quality. International Dairy Queen Inc is dedicated to satisfying customers’ expectations and the technological advances in Bahrain facilitate this. Bahrain has all the facilities the company needs thus setting a part Bahrain as the country of choice in the Middle East. The advanced communication system in Bahrain will facilitate easy communication with customer if international dairy queen decides to use customer relationship management to market its products. Markets The characteristics of the market place are vital in international dairy queen’s decision on pricing. There are various types of markets and they include commodity markets, controlled and uncontrolled markets, vertical high and vertical low markets. In the case of international dairy queen, it operates in a commodity market. This is because it has many buyers and competitors and at the same time non unique products. Thus, they enjoy minimal price flexibility. (Sunjen, 2000) The pricing of International Dairy Queens products will greatly depend on the presence of competition, economic conditions, cost of production and laws regulating prices in the new market (Bahrain). In addition, factors such as product awareness, prospects perceptions, ability to pay, products life cycle, elasticity and cost of channels of distribution will similarly affect pricing of international dairy queen products. (Sunjen, 2000) Most countries impose laws which regulate prices of goods such that prices don’t fall below a predetermined level. This is meant to prevent dumping. In this case International Dairy Queen is not affected; however, the economic conditions will influence pricing of International Dairy Queen Products. How so? Inflation causes increase in prices of virtually everything; raw materials, wages, interest rates hike. The cost of production reflects on final cost of a product. If the technology used to produce a product is costly then final cost of a product is also high. International Dairy Queen has invested greatly in modern facilities and state of the art technology. Most of the processes are automated. This will play a significant role in minimizing cost of production. In addition, costs of acquiring raw materials increases during inflation which eventually translates to high price of goods. Pricing of a product is influenced by the force of demand and supply. This is because if demand for a product increases prices of the product will also increase. This is the theory. However, this is not always the case. In the presence of competitors firms react by reducing their prices so as to retain customers to competitors. International Dairy Queen being a new company in Bahrain should consider to competitors and its comparative advantage. International dairy queen is a new company in Bahrain. This being the case its existence is unknown to people in Bahrain. The goal of International Dairy Queen should therefore be creating awareness and penetrating the market in Bahrain. This in itself will influence pricing. for example, using a promotional strategy. This is whereby it lowers prices of its products as a way of promotion. The effect is that customers get attracted to sample the range of products and make repeat purchases. A customer’s perceptions about a company’s product greatly influence pricing. How so? Positive perceptions regarding quality and superiority enable a company to price its products highly. Alternatively, the intention or desire to appeal and identify its product with the high class group should influence pricing. This is called premium pricing and a company using this strategy will price its products expensively as an indicator of quality. The availability, quality and cost of distributive channels influence pricing in that the eventual cost is transferred to the consumer. International dairy queen uses franchises to market its products thus eliminating the risk of long distribution channel and ensuring quality service to its customers. (Idq website) products usually undergo life cycles and each stage in a products life cycle dictates its price differently. Products in n early life cycle attract higher prices. International dairy queen being new to Bahrain enjoys this advantage as its products are still new to the market. D1 D2 This graph shows the effects of S changes in production (supply) and P1 purchasing power (demand) and P2 how these changes offset the equilibrium. Q1 Q2 Source: Self Organization Organizational structures vary across organizations depending on the objectives of a firm and its culture. This structure is important because it gives a frame work of allocating functions and processes to different departments in the organization. In order for a company to be successful in its operations it needs a good structure. A good structure is one that is efficient and flexible yet facilitates smooth communication and relationship among different sections in the organization (salaman, 2001) there are different types of organizational structures. They include; centralized and decentralized structure, hierarchical structure, tall structure, matrix structure and flat structure. It seems to me that international dairy queen uses the hierarchical structure. This is because each level is one above the other and each manager has a given number of staff directly under his span of control. The organizational structure International Dairy Queen Inc has both formal and informal structure. The formal structure shows the flow of hierarchy from the top level management to the lowest level. An organizational chart has been used to show the level of hierarchy in International Dairy Queen. International Dairy Queen has a centralized system and all the subsidiaries follow the same centralized system. That is all the department report to the director and all the employees report to their respective managers in the various departments. The informal structures within the company although not written on paper has strong presence within this company. Staff groupings are productive because they improve level of motivation and sharing of information. The company encourages productive groupings. The concept behind International Dairy Queen having this organization structure is to clearly show the relationship among the people in the organization. It also gives little of different position. The departments also have their own department organization structures. The purpose behind having this organizational structure is that flow of information is enhanced. This is especially so true for a big company such as International Dairy Queen. Absence of such a structure would cause distortion of information, and inefficiency. The structure shows a diagrammatic illustration of how departments should relate and the hierarchy of authority. The organizational structure allows free flow of information which enables the company to coordinate its various activities. This in turn increases the efficiency of services. Corporate Chart Source: Self Process Understanding the business process assists in gauging the success of a company in terms of higher profit gains, physical expansion, better quality products, increased market share and accumulation of assets. According to Davenport (1993) he defines a (business) process as â€Å"a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization, in contrast to a product focus’s emphasis on what. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. Taking a process approach implies adopting the customer’s point of view. Processes are the structure by which an organization does what is necessary to produce value for its customers. † The business process allows an organization to measure how well the business is doing and measure whether the products and services meet customers’ needs and requirements. (Barnes, 2001). The success of International Dairy Queen Store’s investment depends a lot on how much its consumers get value for their money. Consumers of the company’s dairy products should perceive that they get the best their money can buy. Therefore, value adding should start right from the suppliers, production and packaging to distribution and selling process. At each stage, the product should be improved without adversely hiking price of the final product. Consumers should get best quality at minimal cost. Customer process analysis focuses mainly on acquiring and retaining customers as well as satisfying their needs. Adding value to customers requires in depth study into impacts of pricing, timely distribution, variety and so on. Time and cost is essential and should be analyzed so that it is cost effective. In the case of International dairy Queen Stores, its success in Bahrain depends greatly on the strategy the company will employ in attaining its goals. The marketing program should anticipate customers’ needs and cater to them. A modernized system of informing customers and getting feedback is essential. Relationship marketing, where customers’ queries and suggestions are personally addressed needs to be analyzed. Furthermore, the efficiency of implementing market programs and the dedication of employees to quality service delivery needs to be analyzed. The production process can be enhanced through the use of modern technology so that the time needed to produce a product is reduced. Conclusion In summary the decision to venture in the Middle East is timely. As seen the business environment tremendously affects the business. They can either affect your business negatively or positively. Therefore, it is advice able for international dairy queen to manipulate their effects to work out for its benefit. Markets are dynamic and there influences on pricing of products are significant. International dairy queen has a variety of options in determining its prices depending on its goals. A clear understanding, consideration and implementation of the issues discussed plus international dairy queen’s vast experience trading in foreign countries will come in handy in building a successful subsidiary in Bahrain. Bibliography Barnes, W. ed. (2001) Understanding Business: Process. London: Routledge. Davenport, T (1993) Process innovation: Reengineering work through information Technology. Boston. Harvard business school press. Lucas, M. ed. (2000) Understanding Business: Environments. London: Routledge. International dairy queen: The Middle East. Retrieved from http://www. dairyqueen. com/en-Intl/DQ+Around+the+World/Middle+East/default. htm accessed on August, 29, 2007 Salaman, G. ed. (2001) Understanding Business: Organizations. London: Routledge. Suneja, V. ed. (2000) Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy. London: Routledge.