The Biography of the Psychologist John Bowlby

The Biography of the Psychologist John Bowlby History and Biographies Print Biography of Psychologist John Bowlby The Founder of Attachment Theory By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 16, 2019 Erin Lester/Cultura Exclusive/Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Known For Early Life Career Attachment Theory Contributions to the Field of Psychology Key Publications View All Back To Top John Bowlby (February 27, 1907 - September 2, 1990) was a British psychologist and psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood attachments played a critical role in later development and mental functioning. His work, along with the work of psychologist Mary Ainsworth, contributed to the development of attachment theory.?? Bowlby believed that children are born with a biologically-programmed tendency to seek and remain close to attachment figures. This provides nurturance and comfort, but it also aids in the child’s survival. Sticking close to a caregiver ensures that the child’s needs are met and that he or she is protected from dangers in the environment. Known For Being the originator of attachment theoryResearching child developmentInfluencing modern-day psychology, education, child care, and parenting Early Life Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born in London to an upper-middle-class family. Believing that too much parental affection and attention would spoil a child, his parents spent only a small amount of time with him each day. At the age of seven, he was sent to boarding school, which he would later describe as a traumatic experience. Bowlby went on to attend Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied psychology and spent time working with delinquent children. After graduating from Cambridge, Bowlby volunteered at a school to gain experience and consider his career goals. His work at the school with two maladjusted children set the course of his future and inspired him to become a child psychiatrist. He then studied medicine at University College Hospital, followed by studying psychiatry at Maudsley Hospital. During this time, Bowlby also studied at the British Psychoanalytic Institute and was initially influenced by the work of Melanie Klein, a psychologist who created the play therapy technique. He eventually became dissatisfied with Klein’s approach, believing that it focused too much on children’s fantasies and not enough on events in the environment, including the influence of parents and caregivers. After becoming a psychoanalyst in 1937, he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II. In 1938, he married a woman named Ursula Longstaff and together they had four children. Once the war was over, Bowlby became Director of the Tavistock Clinic, and in 1950 he became a mental health consultant to the World Health Organization (WHO). Career and Theory Bowlby’s early work with children led him to develop a strong interest in the subject of child development. He became particularly interested in how separation from caregivers impacted children.?? After studying the subject for some time, he began to develop his ideas on the importance of attachment on child development. In 1949, WHO commissioned Bowlby to write a report on the mental health of homeless children in Europe. In 1951, the resulting work Maternal Care and Mental Health was published. In it, he wrote, “…the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment.” After the publication of the influential report, Bowlby continued to develop his attachment theory. Bowlby drew on a variety of subjects,?? including cognitive science, developmental psychology, evolutionary biology, and ethology (the science of animal behavior). His resulting theory suggested that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. Bowlby had trained as a psychoanalyst and, much like Sigmund Freud, believed that the earliest experiences in life have a lasting impact on development. According to Bowlby, attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the childs chances of survival. He suggested that both mothers and infants had evolved to develop an innate need for proximity. By maintaining this closeness, infants are more likely to receive the care and protection that they need to ensure their survival. Bowlby was also influenced by the work of Konrad Lorenz, a zoologist and ethologist who demonstrated that attachment was both innate and aided in survival. In Lorenz’s well-known 1935 study on imprinting, he was able to show that young geese would imprint on attachment figures in the environment within a certain critical period after hatching. Lorenz was even able to get newly-hatched geese to imprint on him and view him as a “mother” figure. This revealed that not only is attachment innate but that there is also a critical period during which the formation of attachment relationships is possible. Lorenz’s research found that after a certain period (approximately 32 hours for geese), an attachment was not likely to occur. The central theme of Bowlby’s attachment theory is that mothers who are available and responsive to their infants needs establish a sense of security. The baby knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to feel safe to explore the world. Attachment Theory Bowlby defined attachment as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. His ethological theory of attachment suggests that infants have an innate need to form an attachment bond with a caregiver. This is an evolved response that increases a childs chances of survival; babies are born with a number of behaviors, such as crying and cooing, and caregivers are biologically programmed to respond to these signals and attend to the babys needs. While mothers are often associated with this role as primary caregivers and attachment figures, Bowlby did believe that infants could form such bonds with others. The formation of the attachment bond offers comfort, security, and nourishment, but Bowlby noted that feeding was not the basis or purpose of this attachment, allowing bonds to be formed with fathers and other significant caregivers. Bowlby also suggested that attachment forms in a series of stages: During the first part of the pre-attachment phase, babies recognize their primary caregiver but do not yet have an attachment. Their crying and fussing draw the attention and care of the parent, which is rewarding to both the child and the caregiver. As this stage progresses through about three months, infants begin to recognize the parent more and develop a sense of trust.During the indiscriminate attachment phase, infants show a distinct preference for the primary caregivers, as well as certain secondary caregivers, in their lives.During the discriminate attachment period, children form a strong attachment to one individual and will experience separation distress and anxiety when parted from that person.Finally, during the multiple attachment phases, children begin to develop strong attachments to people beyond the primary caregivers. Contributions to Psychology John Bowlby’s research on attachment and child development left a lasting impression on psychology, education, child care, and parenting. Researchers extended his research to develop clinical treatment techniques and prevention strategies.?? His work also influenced other eminent psychologists, including his colleague Mary Ainsworth, who also made significant contributions to attachment theory by expanding on Bowlbys research to develop a method for observing a childs attachment to a caregiver. In a 2002 survey of psychologists published in the Review of General Psychology, Bowlby was ranked as the 49th most frequently cited psychologist of the 20th century. Key Publications Bowlby, J. (1946). Maternal Care and Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the childs tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 1-23. Bowlby, J. (1968). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 2: Separation, Anxiety, and Anger. London: Penguin Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.

Marie Zakrzewska - Early Woman Medical Doctor

What Does Interest Essay Samples for College Mean?

What Does Interest Essay Samples for College Mean? The samples will provide you with ideas on the way you answer the questions offered to you. Luckily, there are numerous approaches you are able to ruminate and generate suggestions for your topic. There's a couple of explanations. Irrespective of how much you'll be taking that day, there are a few ways that will allow you to get through the essay with a minimal quantity of stress. Interest Essay Samples for College Options As a consequence, spending money to take care of your essays might be challenging. Summary Hiring a low-cost essay service may be an appropriate option for students at one time crunch. Don't try too tough to please the admission board by earning your essay the manner in which you believe a superb student should do. Basically, the admissions folks wish to understand why their school is of specific interest to you. Review what you've been requested to address in your essay Sometimes educational institutions wish to learn more than just your career targets. It is crucial to capture the interest of the admission tutors no matter how strict they may appear to be. More frequently than not, deadlines for submitting applications are almost always short which makes many possible applicants worry they will be unable to to submit their sample essay for MBA application in time. Being in college might be a small struggle for some. Picking an extremely extended essayabout college student won't only consume your time but in addition alter the total caliber of your work. You should also find out the precise things the college might be ready to know about you. You're not being requested to explain how college can help you grow, but how Oberlin can help you grow. You need to select an essay that you may discuss extensively without a lot of stress. If you choose any of the critical thinking essay samples, you will observe the necessary structure. Obviously, you may use prolonged essay samples, but you've got to understand main ru If you read the official guidelines about extended essay, it is important to take note of it as it'll completely help you. An easy counter argument essay sample isn't only simple to use but limits the likelihood of making many mistakes by a vast percentage. Thus choosing an expert for doing your essays could be the proper selection. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will understand what to research and that which you will deal with. Though the majority of people can write, writing a high quality essay isn't as easy as it appears. You are able to go through multiple essays and books to know more on the subject of web designing. Key Pieces of Interest Essay Samples for College For instance, the price of a persuasive essay will differ from a proposal essay. An essay outline will allow you to organize the general structure of your essay. Before you commence writing your essay, you have to make sure you have human rights extended essay topics in your notes so you can pick the very best topic you would like to write. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can depend on us to deliver. If you understand what you will create GMAT essay, be sure you search the world wide web and read more books. Do your best in writing the essay and be sure that you are not going to incorporate any opinions. You've got a guide and get ideas about what to do with your essay. Be certain you have a general idea of how argumentative essays are formatted. If you get a crystal clear essay, readers will understand easily what you would like to tell. You may find yourself with an extremely dull essay, or you can get rid of inspiration along the line. Such essay samples function as a guidance material that helps the students to prepare impressive essay drafts. It's simple to point out an essay that's been written solely for the interest of it. A superb essay should have essential points. Our admission essay examples can prove that we're here in order to provide simply the very best assistance to assure you which you submit an application essay that you could be confident in.

Investigative Journalism †Libel Actions and Coalition Government Reforms Free Essays

Abstract Investigative journalism is an important part of the international media and the lives of ordinary people, reporters involved with this type of work present important and highly valuable information to the public. This paper talks about investigative journalism and the risks and implications that result from it. When an organization or individual feels attacked by an investigative journalist’s report, they can take a libel action against the journalist. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigative Journalism – Libel Actions and Coalition Government Reforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now These kinds of suits are not only crucial but also highly costly. However, various governments provide some basic rights to both the individual and the journalist. The coalition governments, that is the cabinet of a parliamentary government, of various countries have come up with statutory reforms in order to protect the interest of both these parties. One of these reforms includes the Public Interest Defence reform, which protects journalists from libel actions when the information they have presented is in the public interest. This branch of journalism has been subject to several criticisms, however despite its controversial grounds, it stands strong due its important contributions in relation to public interest. Introduction Investigative Journalism has been a growing branch of journalism in the past and has had considerable influence on people’s mindsets and the media culture. It is a nature of reporting news in which a journalist focuses on a particular personality, business or phenomena and digs deep into its root, in order to bring out serious issues to the public’s eye. The only difference in this kind of reporting is that the people who are connected to the issue are not taken consent of and are often harmed in the process. Investigative Journalism makes available private and confidential information which is guarded with secrecy for public scrutiny. Libel actions are taking against ‘†a publication without justification or lawful excuse which is calculated to injure the reputation of another by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule† (Parke, B. in Parmiter v. Coupland 1840). This paper talks about Investigative Journalism, in context of libel actions and the c onsequences of such law suits. It also talks about different Coalition governments, and their stance on Investigative Journalism as well as the reforms they have introduced, including the Public Interest Defence Reform 1998 which was passed to protect the rights of the reporters. Body The nature of Investigative journalism is inherently controversial and has been received with considerable disapproval by the people who have become its victims. When One’s personal life or organization is attacked by an investigative journalist, they can lawfully take a libel action, mostly libel actions are taken when there is a threat to one’s own or one’s organization’s reputation. Though the requirements of a libel action vary from country to country, mostly the plaintiff must prove that the statement was made to a third party, that the statement was a direct reference to the plaintiff and that the statement was slanderous before filing a libel action. Investigative reporters have some rights and can sometimes successfully avoid the consequences of these libel actions. The main ways are to justify their information as being truthful and actually. They can also exercise their right of Qualified Privilege which is given to a person, who has the authority to give out certain information without being liable of defamation. English law is one of the most reformed and well-enforced law systems which is followed by various countries. After various libel actions were filed, which involved a close battle between freedom of expression of reporters and the right to privacy of the defamed, the Public Interest Disclosure Act, was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1998. This act protects such reporters from a negative treatment by their employer or any individual. It was passed to protect employees who disclose information, which is confidential but is of interest to the general public. This act has been very useful in protecting reporters who carry out risky investigative journalism to bring to light, issues that are in the public interest . Such cases have been very prevalent, for instant in the case, Reynolds v Times Newspapers [2001] 2 AC 127, the â€Å"public interest† defense was used, and â€Å"the Supreme Court unanimously reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal† deciding that Reynolds’s defense was true to public interest and involved media’s freedom of expression. However, the Act has been criticized, as it has been a considerable deterrent on part of the employers, who can neither penalize nor discipline employees, who disclose confidential information and for failing to provide security to the reporters, if a libel action is filed against them. Many constitutions have followed this legislation, the constitution of Canada too enforced Public Interest Defense, stating in Security of Information Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. O-5) that ‘No person is guilty of an offence under section 13 or 14 if the public interest in the disclosure outweighs the public interest in non-disclosure. The weighing of ‘public interest’ against one’s defamation, is a very subjective decision and can vary case to case, thus one can not rely on a jury to objectively give out a decision as to what is of more value. Thus, this legislation has its own limitations, and can at times fail to help the reporters against a libel action. On the other hand the journalist of the developing countries are not even privileged enough to go through a law suit in order to fight for their own rights and neither are the defamed people or organizations, because of a weak law and order enforcement. Despite strict laws, the government of such countries fails to keep the security of the investigative reporters into account and also the libel action cases take several years to complete and a lot of money has to be spent. The reporters are often mistreated by the large organizations or powerful personalities and even face life threats. Such are the implications of investigative journalism; it is a complicated branch of journalism with many repercussions and unpleasant consequences but has its own advantages and uses. Conclusion Investigative journalism has had a considerable effect on the media and the lives of other people. In the third world countries have to risk their lives and face a lot of threats due to the nature of this reporting and often their government fails to provide them any protection. While their law system is weak and the libel actions that are taken, take several years to be proved and thus the victims of their defamation take other ways to threat these reporters. In Developed countries, the law and order is strong and thus these reporters are protected, however libel actions are processed with great care and thus can cost heavy fines and loss of career for these reporters, who are merely carrying out their job or following their employer’s orders. Investigative journalism, thus, can be very costly, whether it is the cost of the journalist’s career or the cost of the plaintiff’s reputation or even the material costs that one faces during or after the judgment is pass ed. References U.S.House, Security of Information Act. Hearing, 1985 Washington: Government Printing Office, Last amended on 2006-12-11. Middleton, Kent, and Chamberlin, Bill F, The Law of Public Communication, Third Edition, 1994, Longman Publishing Group. Lucinda S. Fleeso (1998). Ten Steps to Investigative Reporting. International Center for Journalists. The News Manual [online]. (2008). Available from: . Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 [online]. Available from: . Mr. Robin Williamson (7 May 1996). WarWick [online]. Available from: . Basic Law [online]. (1997). Available from: . Law of Libel Amendment Act 1888 [online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/51-52/64/contents Defamation: Reynolds public interest defence upheld by Supreme Court in Flood v Times Newspaper (2012). Herbert Smith [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . How to cite Investigative Journalism – Libel Actions and Coalition Government Reforms, Essay examples

The turning point of war; Stalingrad battle

Introduction The following essay will show how the Stalingrad battle, ordered by Hitler, was just but the turning point of war in World War II. This is because it was the end of a perception the world had, that Germany was the most powerful nation and could win every war. This will be into comparison with other instances when Hitler had attacked other parts of the world.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The turning point of war; Stalingrad battle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Stalingrad Battle By mid 1942, Germany had cost Russians tremendous losses in terms of resources and work force given that the former had managed to kill over three million Russian soldiers and putting almost a similar number in captivity. Were it not for winter that pushed them back a bit, Germans had captured around ninety percent of Russian land and resources. By the beginning of summer, Hitler was again ready to attack Russia taking advantage of their weak status due to the tremendous losses he had cost them earlier on. The Stalingrad battle began in September 1942 during the winter, led by the â€Å"German commander of the sixth army, General Paulus and assisted by Fourth Panzer Army†; indeed, General Paulus was ordered by Hitler to take Stalingrad whose initial target was to capture the oil fields at Caucasus and their final target was Baku[1], which supplied seventy-one percent of all the oil the Soviets used during Word war II. Hitler’s other reason for capturing Stalingrad was due to its association with Russia as well as its connection to the south waterway. Thus by seizing Stalingrad, he would have paralyzed Russia by a great deal. All his interest on Stalingrad was accelerated by the fact that he was interested in damaging the name of his enemy Stalin who was the Soviet dictator and the city was named after his name. For a long time, the world was convinced that Germany had the best and strongest army, meaning they could win any war. The contrast of this began during Red Verdun war in 1918, two years before World War I ended[2]. In 1916, the cream of Germany army engaged French in a battle that failed terribly and since then, problems began since most its followers withdrew, divisions in the army began which finally collapsed, thus it had no future. Their enemies â€Å"Anglo-American-French bloc,† did not realize that they were approaching victory and they â€Å"continued believing that the German army was still the most powerful†[3]. The Stalingrad battle is different in nature from Red Verdun battle since it was the Germans last expression of a desperate struggle. The Soviet army won this battle and it was not only the turning point in the World War II but in the history of humankind.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sixty five percent of all c asualties in the war were Russian. It was Russia blood, machinery, resources and will which brought Hitler down. This is evident from the fact that, when Stalin appointed the two best military commanders, they vowed to either liberate Stalingrad or die with so much determination. Millions of people in the world followed the proceedings of Stalingrad carefully and every step the Soviet army made brought to them anxiety and stirred elation throughout the world[4]. After this defeat, the German army was in full retreat because it had lost a lot thus it was so weak such that it would take a long time to recover of which Russia was still advancing.. During his battles, before e.g. in Poland, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France, where he definitely won, Hitler never dared to divide his attention but always directed all his concentration to one major objective. Contrary, during the Stalingrad battle, Hitler had divided attention because by the time he ordered attack of the city, some grou ps of his army were still on their way to Caucasus and he was still preparing others for a succeeding attack of Siberia. It was therefore unwise to advance having left a major city unconquered[5]. Were Hitler not divided; his sixth army would not have been intertwined at Stalingrad. The city of Stalingrad was named after the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin who was a great enemy to Hitler. Germany almost overthrew Russia but they failed to exercise their authority. Hitler had dismissed his commander in chief and had taken the role himself without any consultation thus this confusion made it hard for the army to defeat Soviet, which was very organized and determined. Both armies were well equipped with soldiers, artillery guns, tanks, and planes thus, though Germany was thought to be stronger, they would capture areas during the day, but Russia would recapture them at night. Russian commander at the time was Marshal Zhukov. For them to be defeated, Germans were trapped in Stalingrad cit y by a bulk of Zhukov army who had surrounded the city. Paulus could have been able to get out of the trap in the fist stages of Russians preparation but Hitler ordered them to fight up to the last bullet. When the momentum of the battle was fully with the Soviets, Hitler refused to let Paulus retreat since he never wanted to bear the blame.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The turning point of war; Stalingrad battle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their capture was accelerated by the fact that when they were surrounded in the city, it was hard for them to be supplied with food, ammunition, and heat since the winter temperatures were reading negative. Left with no choice, they surrendered to the Soviet army and were taken as prisoners. Germany began to retreat since their defeat in Stalingrad. This is because they lost labor when 91 000 Germans were taken prisoners and they lost their army and equipment mea ning they could not be able to fight the Soviet Union any more. This was the downfall of the world’s most powerful army, which had purposed to conquer the whole world thus their downfall was a complete liberation to the human race and a turning point in the World-war II. The battle of Stalingrad was the bloodiest battle in history and a sudden and widespread disaster of Germany. It was one of the most inhuman and cruel during the World War 2 since people fought literally from street to street and house to house[6]. It was a titanic battle where Stalin’s very name was a target, whereby, every street, house, and floor had to be painstakingly taken. It was the end of the last major gain of territory by the Axis on either front, from then on forward all the major attacks and offensives were a combined effort. Germany was a super power before 1914 but by 1945, it was a second world nation. This is because the invasion of the Soviet Union drained most of their resources. The Germans were completely unprepared for war and if it were not for the long distances and terrible winters, the Soviet Union would have probably lost. The diaphanous numbers of work force and increasing production finally turned the tide. After Germany’s failure to take Stalingrad, their Eastern front army was practically destroyed and they were forced to flee the Soviet Union[7]. This turned the War in putting the Russians on the offensive, which directly aided in the destruction and conquering of Germany by the Allied Forces throughout 1944 and 1945. Germany was, essentially, surrounded with the Americans and British in the West, and the Russians in the East. Before Stalingrad Hitler was still on course to win the war in the European theatre but afterwards, he was on the back foot considering the number of troops that were engaged and that died[8].Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Clearly, the battle was a major strategic mistake by Hitler since it wasted vital German resources. Hitler should have concentrated all forces in Southern Russia and used them to capture the vital oil fields of the Caucasus’s since oil was the lifeblood of all the mechanized tanks, planes, and trucks that the Soviet union used during World war II. In Stalingrad, the Germans were bogged down and lost all their previous advantages such as mobility, firepower and aircraft cover. Despite taking 90% of the city, the Russians held on, and since they well conversant with the winter season, they were able to encircle the city, rendering Germans helpless. Thousands of men had been trapped and surrounded and the first German field marshal had been taken prisoner in history – a major propaganda coup for Stalin and a slap in the face for Hitler. Had Soviets lost Stalingrad, they would have lost the war, and the raw material they needed would have fallen into the hands of Germans. This is because their target, Stalingrad and Baku were the major suppliers of oil and other necessities Soviet were using during the World War II. The Downfall of Hitler The downfall of Germany came from poor leadership. This is because when the Germans were attacking Russia for the second time, Hitler decided to taken up the role of his Generals and he consulted them no more. Earlier on, the German military had purposed to continue evading the already weak Russian army and to crush the remaining ones as well as capturing the Russia capital city. Furthermore, they were to capture the rich oil fields Caucasus as well as Stalingrad, the main industrial and transportation centre that was the main waterway of inner Russia. Their aim was not to occupy Stalingrad but to put it under heavy surveillance to ensure that no businesses were operating. The biggest mistake that Hitler did was his decision to remain in Stalingrad after being deceived by the fact that they had achieved their first objective as per their plans, thus he thought the Russians would not counter attack. His decision lead to heavy losses since he lost the southern campaign and his army was destroyed. All this was because of taking power to himself since he never listened to them and he insisted that they were to fight until the last bullet[9]. The other reason that leads to the downfall of Hitler and his army was divided interest. He was over confident due to his previous success in the western front and thus he decided to conquer the outstretched Soviet Union in three months. This made him disperse his army through the large socialist nation since he wanted to achieve his objectives very fast and still conquer Moscow to the north and Persian Gulf to the south. At the same time, he had dismissed his commander-in-chief and he was still directing a Japanese fascist that was preparing to attack Siberia after the fall of Stalingrad. All these tasks divided his attention making it hard for him to perfect the matter at hand. At the end of that summer, Hitler had not achieved any of his objectives since he was too ambitious. He was not able to penetrate the oil fields nor did he capture Stalingrad, thus his army was left unable to advance or to retreat causing immense losses[10]. When Russians realized that it was so evident from the look of things that they would loose their city to Germans, Stalin came up with a very brilliant strategy that drew Hitler towards destruction[11]. He realized that the only thing that would save Russia was a good leadership. He therefore chose two superb commanders with highest military skills and strong will i.e. General Zhukov at national level and Vasily Chuikov at local level. They vowed to either defend the city or die. Since Germany, leadership was weak and Hitler had already dismissed his commander in chief, this counter attack swept them off the ground and the result was that hundreds of thousands of their military men were killed though the dam ages and killings were both way traffic. Conclusion The Soviet Union victory against Germany was the beginning of liberation of humankind from the hands of a dictator Hitler. The Germans were thought to be the most powerful nation in the world and even at the verge of their defeat; they still under estimated the Russian resources. The Russians did their preparation for the counter attack very carefully, putting every detail of their internal organization in perspective, as they knew that a slight mistake would bestow victory upon their rivals. On the other hand, by the time, Germans realized the ability in Russia, there was little left to do apart from surrendering. Furthermore, the nature of dictatorship in Hitler cost Germany a great deal since he dismissed the opinions of professionals making it hard for them to operate. Actually, after they were defeated, Hitler announced a mourning day to accomplish his blame game over his army commander Paulus. Apart from its losses, German ar my lost its formidable image of being unbeatable. Out of the hundreds of thousands of Germans militia who went for war, only five thousand went home safe. Indeed, around three hundred thousand soldiers from Germany died in Stalingrad thus indicating how terribly the Germans had lost the battle to the Russians. The Soviet victory boosted their morale a great deal and fought with vigor until the end of World War II, which lasted almost three years since the defeat of Germany. Bibliography Anon. The Battle of Stalingrad, N.d. Web. Duiker, William and Spielvogel, Jackson. World History. NY: Cengage Learning, 2008. Web. Hansen, Valerie and Curtis, Kenneth. Voyages in the World History. NY: Cengage Learning, 2008. Web. Trueman, Chris. The Battle of Stalingrad, N.d. Web. Tse-tung, Mao. The Turning Point in World War II, 2004 Web. Footnotes Anon. The Battle of Stalingrad. N.d. Mao Tse-tung, The Turning Point in World War II. 2004. William, Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History. M ao Tse-tung, 2004. Mao Tse-tung, 2004. Valerie Hansen, and Kenneth, Curtis. Voyages in the World History. William, Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel, 2010. Valerie Hansen, and Kenneth, Curtis, 2010. Anon, N.d. Mao Tse-tung, 2004. Chris Trueman. The Battle of Stalingrad. N.d. This term paper on The turning point of war; Stalingrad battle was written and submitted by user Cruz Caldwell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Frost essays

Frost essays With a Colt pistol pointed dead at the doctor, threatening to shoot if anything happened to his expecting wife, a very erratic William Frost welcomed his son Robert Lee Frost into the world in San Francisco California on March 26, 1874. Frost was named part after his grandfather and after the defeated Civil war general Lee. Thinking that he was the product of a premarital mistake, Robert tried to hide it by saying he was born a year after, in 1875. In the beginning, William was happy with his son, but as his health began to spoil and he took to the bottle. William felt very burdened with his family and would constantly abuse them. Robert, through all the torment and abuse, stuck close to his mother who tried to make up for her husbands abuse by pampering her son. After the death of his father from tuberculosis, Frosts mother, Isabelle, moved Robert and his sister Jeanie to Lawrence, Massachusetts. In 1892, Robert graduated with honors from his high school and was valedictorian along with Elinor White, which was his high school love. After high school Robert went to Dartmouth College and persued a career in poetry. In 1894, he succeeded in having his fist professional publication. The Independent, a literary journal, published his poem My Butterfly: An Elegy. He soon after left college and married his high school sweetheart, Elinor. With his family growing, Frost struggled to get by. Robert and Elinor had six children in total and two died at an early age leaving Frost with one son and three daughters. In 1897, Frost resumed college at Harvard, but he left within two years. In order to support his family, Robert Frost raised poultry on a farm in New Hampshire and he was also teaching at the Pinkerton Academy in Derry. During his days in New Hampshire, Frost became a botanist and took on the New England persona in his writings. Still trying to get his writings published, Frost realized that the A...

How to Determine the Equation of a Line

How to Determine the Equation of a Line There are many instances in science and math in which you will need to determine the equation of a line. In chemistry, youll use linear equations in gas calculations, when analyzing rates of reaction, and when performing Beers Law calculations. Here are a quick overview and example of how to determine the equation of a line from (x,y) data. There are different forms of the equation of a line, including the standard form, point-slope form, and slope-line intercept form. If you are asked to find the equation of a line and are not told which form to use, the point-slope or slope-intercept forms are both acceptable options. Standard Form of the Equation of a Line One of the most common ways to write the equation of a line is: Ax By C where A, B, and C are real numbers Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a Line A linear equation or equation of a line has the following form: y mx b m: slope of the line; m Δx/Δy b: y-intercept, which is where the line crosses the y-axis; b yi  - mxi The y-intercept is written as the point  (0,b). Determine the Equation of a Line Determine the equation of a line using the following (x,y) data. (-2,-2), (-1,1), (0,4), (1,7), (2,10), (3,13) First calculate the slope m, which is the change in y divided by the change in x: y Δy/Δx y [13 - (-2)]/[3 - (-2)] y 15/5 y 3 Next calculate the y-intercept: b yi  - mxi b (-2) - 3*(-2) b -2 6 b 4 The equation of the line is y mx b y 3x 4 Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line In the point-slope form, the equation of a line has slope m and passes through the point (x1, y1). The equation is given using: y - y1 m(x - x1) where m is the slope of the line and (x1, y1) is the given point Determine the Equation of a Line Find the equation of a line passing through points (-3, 5) and (2, 8). First determine the slope of the line. Use the formula: m (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)m (8 - 5) / (2 - (-3))m (8 - 5) / (2 3)m 3/5 Next use the point-slope formula. Do this by choosing one of the points, (x1, y1) and putting this point and the slope into the formula. y - y1 m (x - x1)y - 5 3/5 (x - (-3))y - 5 3/5 (x 3)y - 5 (3/5)(x 3) Now you have the equation in point-slope form. You could proceed to write the equation in slope-intercept form if you wish to see the y-intercept. y - 5 (3/5)(x 3)y - 5 (3/5)x 9/5y (3/5)x 9/5 5y (3/5)x 9/5 25/5y (3/5)x 34/5 Find the y-intercept by setting x0 in the equation of the line. The y-intercept is at the point (0, 34/5).